Sulfur reduced

The sulfur content of U.S. coals varies widely, ranging from a low of 0.2 percent to as much as 7 percent by weight, on a diy Basis. The estimated remaining U.S. coal reserves of all ranks, by sulfur content, are shown in Fig. 27-1. Extensive data on sulfur and sulfur reduc tion potential, including washability, in U.S. coals are given in Sulfur and Ash Reduction Potential and Selected Chemical and Physical Properties of United States Coal (U.S. Dept, of Energy, DOE/PETC, TR-90/7, 1990 TR-91/1 andTR-91/2, 1991). 

Einster K, E Bak (1993) Complete oxidation of propionate, valerate, succinate, and other organic compounds by newly isolated types of marine, anaerobic, mesophilic. Gram-negative sulfur-reducing eubacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1452-1460. 

Kolb S, S Seeliger, N Springer, W Ludwig, B Schink (1998) The fermenting bacterium Malonomonas rubra is phylogenetically related to sulfur-reducing bacteria and contains a c-type cytochrome similar to those of sulfur and sulfate reducers. SystAppl Microbiol 21 340-345. 

Pfennig N, H Biebl (1976) Desulfuromonas acetoxidans gen. nov. and sp. nov., a new anaerobic, sulfur-reducing, acetate-oxidizing Arch Microbiol 110 3-12. 

An alternative process for the removal of H2S by partial oxidation is shown in Figure 25.2410. This uses an iron chelate to partially oxidize the H2S. As shown in Figure 25.24, the gas is contacted in an absorber with the iron chelate solution. Fe3+ reacts with H2S to produce Fe2+ and elemental sulfur. Reduced iron chelate solution is oxidized by sparging with air and returned to the absorber. This process can operate over a wide range of conditions. 

The direct treatment of the scrubbing liquid from a flue gas desulfurization step could be carried out by using the sulfur-reducing bacterium denoted as KT7 [290], This low-GC Gram-positive bacterium is related to the genus Desulfotomaculum, which is capable of reducing sulfite and sulfate to sulfide. Its optimum growth is observed at a temperature between 48°C and 70°C, at a pH of between 5 and 9 and at a conductivity of the liquid medium between 0 and 40 mS/cm. The treatment was claimed to be favored under anaerobic conditions. 

Rabus R., T. A. Hansen and F. Widdel, 2006, Dissimilatory sulfate- and sulfur-reducing prokaryotes. In The Prokaryotes An Evolving Electronic Resource for the Microbiological Community, http //www.springerlink.-com/content/nl084686101028pj/fulltext.pdf, Springer, New York. 

Ma, K., Schicho, R. N., Kelly, R. M. and Adams, M. W. W. (1993) Hydrogenase of the hyper-thermophile Pyrococcus furiosus is an elemental sulfur reductase or sulfhydrogenase Evidence for a sulfur-reducing hydrogenase ancestor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 5341-4. 

Fauque G, LeGall J, Barton LL. 1991. Sulfate-reducing and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In Shivley JM, Barton LL, editors. Variations in autotrophic life. New York Academic Press, p 271-338. 

The biological classification schemes for bacteria and archaea are still being developed because of the rapid pace of new discoveries in genomics. The two most important phyla of marine bacteria are the cyanobacteria, which are photosynthetic, and the proteobacteria. The latter include some photosynthetic species, such as the purple photosynthetic bacteria and N2 fixers. Other members of this diverse phylum are the methanotrophs, nitrifiers, hydrogen, sulfur and iron oxidizers, sulfete and sulfur reducers, and various bioluminescent species. 

Widdel F. 1988. Microbiology and ecology of sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In Zehnder AJB, ed. Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms. New York Wiley-Interscience, 469-585. 

The absence of strong intermolecular forces, the presence of pendant methyl groups discouraging close association, and crankshaft action associated with the cis isomer all contribute to the flexibility of NR. The introduction of a few cross-links by vulcanization with sulfur reduces slippage of chains but still permits good flexibility. 

Fungicides, 18 177, 244 fur protein, 36 414-415 Fuscoredoxin, 47 485 in sulfur-reducing bacteria, 47 378-382 Fused-ring nitrides... 

Zillig, W., Holz, L, Janekovic, D., Klenk, H.-P, Imsel, E. and Trent, J. (1990) Hyperthermus butylicus, a hyperthermophilic sulfur-reducing archaebacterium that ferments peptides. J. Bacterial., 172, 3959-3965. 

Dissimilatory sulfate- or sulfur-reducing bacteria. Desulfovibrio... 

The quantity of natural sulfur emitted to the atmosphere is dependent upon the availability of sulfur, the level of natural sulfur-reducing activity, and the environment into which the gases are released. At present, there is a lack of information on specific mechanisms of biological sulfur release. As a result, algorithms designed to predict natural sulfur emissions must be empirically based on analyses of correlations between observed natural sulfur emissions and environmental parameters. In order to extrapolate the available emission rate data, emission functions must be based upon parameters which are measurable and available on an appropriate scale of temporal and spatial resolution. 

The ZDDP layer acts as the source of sulfur, reducing oxidation of MoS2. The fuel economy was improved (Stipanovic et ah, 1996). 

The effect of sulfur on adsorption and decomposition of formaldelyde was studied by Abbas and Madix (73). On Pt( 111) adsorbed sulfur reduces the amount of adsorbed formaldelyde. This was not explained by a charge... 

Juice clarification is an important technique in North Coast quality wine production. Removal of suspended solids from the juice prior to fermentation results in a wine described as fruity, clean tasting, fresh, delicate (19, 20). Level of solids in clarified juice ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 percent. Juice clarification also reduces the level of elemental sulfur, reducing potential for later H2S production. 

The effectiveness of antioxidants depends substantially on whether raw or cured rubbers are used and how many free impurities and ingredients are present. For example, sulfur reduces the stabilizing power of aromatic amines, whereas dithiocarbamates enhance the stabilizing action. 

Adsorbed sulfur reduces the capacity of metals for adsorption of other molecules. H2 adsorption capacity is reduced in approximately direct proportion to the fraction of surface covered by sulfur. At low pressures CO adsorption is decreased by adsorbed sulfur. On the other hand, adsorbed sulfur can cause increased CO adsorption under conditions where metal carbonyls or subcarbonyls are stable. 

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