Hydrogen chloride gas, dissolving

Use o for an electron from a hydrogen atom. Use x for an electron from a chlorine atom. [2] c Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water. Suggest the pH of hydrochloric acid. Put a ring around the correct answer. 

As an example of the Arrhenius model of acids and bases, consider what happens when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water. HCl molecules ionize to form H+ ions, which make the solution acidic. 

Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water very well, but iodine crystals do not dissolve in water. How can you explain this ... 

Acids and bases are also electrolytes. Some acids, including hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3), are strong electrolytes. These acids ionize completely in water for example, when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, it forms hydrated H+ and Cl ions ... 

Before moving on, it is interesting to note that hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in benzene (a non-polar solvent) without producing any ions. Such a solution contains hydrogen chloride molecules weakly attracted (solvated) to the surrounding benzene molecules. As we might expect, a solution of HCl in benzene does not conduct electricity and it does not show any of the reactions of hydrochloric acid. 

Ionization When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, it ionizes to form an H+ ion and a Cl ion. The H+ ion immediately bonds to a water molecule, forming a hydronium ion. The aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is called hydrochloric acid. 

When hydrochloric acid is formed, hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water and reacts to form hydroxonium ions, HjOT and chloride ions (Figure 8.12). You can see that the water is involved in the reaction. 

The tribromobenzene obtained in this way should be entirely free from unchanged tribromoaniline. To test its purity, dissolve a small quantity in hot dry benzene and pass in hydrogen chloride gas from a Kipp s apparatus no trace of crystals of tribromoaniline hydrochloride should appear. Note also that although the m.p.s of the two compounds are almost identical, that of the recrystallised product from the above preparation is considerably depressed by admixture with tribromoaniline. 

Into a 500 ml. three-necked flask, provided with a mechanical stirrer, a gas inlet tube and a reflux condenser, place 57 g. of anhydrous stannous chloride (Section 11,50,11) and 200 ml. of anhydrous ether. Pass in dry hydrogen chloride gas (Section 11,48,1) until the mixture is saturated and separates into two layers the lower viscous layer consists of stannous chloride dissolved in ethereal hydrogen chloride. Set the stirrer in motion and add 19 5 g. of n-amyl cyanide (Sections III,112 and III,113) through the separatory funnel. Separation of the crystalline aldimine hydrochloride commences after a few minutes continue the stirring for 15 minutes. Filter oflF the crystalline solid, suspend it in about 50 ml. of water and heat under reflux until it is completely hydrolysed. Allow to cool and extract with ether dry the ethereal extract with anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate and remove the ether slowly (Fig. II, 13, 4, but with the distilling flask replaced by a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm). Finally, distil the residue and collect the n-hexaldehyde at 127-129°. The yield is 19 g. 

Dissolve 2 ml. of acetaldehyde in 5 ml. of dry ether, cool in a freezing mixture of ice and salt, and pass in dry hydrogen chloride gas for 30-60 seconds. The solid polymer, metaldehyde, may separate in a short time, otherwise cork the tube and allow it to stand for 10-15 minutes. Filter ofiF the crystals. 

A mixture of 3 -hydroxypregna-5,l6-dien-20-one acetate (10 g), 70 ml of ethanol and 2 ml of methoxylamine is refluxed for 12 hr (Note methoxyl-amine hydrochloride leads to oxime formation). After cooling, another 1.75 ml of methoxylamine is added and the reaction is refluxed for another 12 hr. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the residue is dissolved in ether. Hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the ether solution and the white crystalline salt (113) is filtered off and washed with ether (85% yield crude mp 228-229°). 

A solution of 24.6 g of o-allyl-epoxypropoxybenzene dissolved in 250 ml of absolute ethanol saturated with ammonia was placed in an autoclave and heated on a steam-bath for 2 hours. The alcohol was then removed by distillation and the residue was redissolved in a mixture of methanol and ethylacetate. Hydrogen chloride gas was introduced into the solution. The hydrochloride salt was then precipitated by the addition of ether to yield 11.4 g of product. Five grams of the amine-hydrochloride thus formed were dissolved in 50 ml of methanol and 9 ml of acetone. The resulting solution was cooled to about 0°C. At this temperature 5 g of sodium borohydride were added over a period of 1 hour. Another 2.2 ml of acetone and O.B g of sodium borohydride were added and the solution was kept at room temperature for 1 hour, after which 150 ml of water were added to the solution. The solution was then extracted with three 100-ml portions of ether which were combined, dried over potassium carbonate, and evaporated. The free base was then recrystallized from petrol ether (boiling range 40°-60°C) to yield 2.7 g of material having a melting point of 57°C. 

A mixture consisting of 2 grams of 2-hydroxy-3-(N,N-diethylcarboxamido)-9,10-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydro-1 Ib-H-benzopyridocoline (OH-axial) hydrochloride (prepared by treating the base with hydrogen chloride gas in absolute ether) dissolved in 7 ml of acetic anhydride containing 3 ml of pyridine was heated at 100°C for 2 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. At the end of this period, a crystalline precipitate had formed and the resultant mixture was subsequently diluted with an equal volume of diethyl ether and filtered. 

The N-[/3-(o-chlorophenyl)-/3-hydroxyethyl] -isopropylamine obtained by the foregoing procedure was dissolved in about 3 liters of ether and dry hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled into the solution until it was saturated, whereupon the hydrochloride salt of N-[/3-(o-chloro-phenyl)-/3-(hydroxy)-ethyl] isopropylamine precipitated. The salt was separated from the ether by filtration, and was dissolved in two liters of anhydrous ethanol. The alcoholic solution was decolorized with charcoal and filtered. 

The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate and then concentrated to dryness. 1.62 g of the thus obtained crude 1,2a-methylene-6,7a-oxido-A -pregnene-17a-ol-3,20-dione-17-acetate are dissolved in 109 cc of glacial acetic acid. This solution is then saturated at room temperature with hydrogen chloride gas and stored for 20 hours. It is then diluted with methylene chloride and washed with water until neutral. 

Hydrolysis of D-(+)-1 (3-methoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane 2.42 mols (40 g) of the compound are dissolved In 8N hydrochloric acid in a bomb tube consisting of stainless steel and having a capacity of 500 ml. Hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the ice-cooled solution until this is saturated. The solution is then heated to 130°C for 2 hours in an air bath. After cooling and driving off the hydrochloric acid at a slightly elevated temperature, the hydrochloride of the 3-hydroxyphenyl derivative is present in the form of a yellowish syrup. 

The di-tertiary base thus obtained is dissolved in ether and the solution Is saturated with hydrogen chloride gas. After isolation and reprecipitation from methanol-ether there Is obtained the dihydrochloride melting at 170°Cto 174°C. 

To make the hydrochloride salt, the bisacetamide or, by another name, 1,11-diphenyl-2,2,3,9,10,10-hexamethyl-4 3hydroxy ethyl )-3,6,9-triazaundecane is dissolved In n-butanol. The solution is chilled and then dry hydrogen chloride gas is passed into the solution causing an oil to separate. To the heavy oil ether is added and then stirred causing crystallization to occur. MP146°Cto 147°C. Analysis for nitrogen calc. 8.3%, found 8.2%. 

Hydrochloric acid is made by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. Hydrogen chloride is a colorless, poisonous gas at room temperature but it can be an extremely useful compound when dissolved in water to make hydrochloric acid. 

Esterification of 104 with diazomethane gives 70 in quantitative yield.80 The low yield previously obtained29,31 may have been due to impure starting-material. Compound 70 is crystalline,29,31 and may be used for the preparation of the ketopyranosyl chloride 112 by the method that Kuhn and coworkers109 reported for the synthesis of the analogous halide of NeuAc. In this procedure, compound 70 is dissolved in acetyl chloride, and the solution is cooled to —70°, saturated with hydrogen chloride gas, and allowed to warm to room temperature in a sealed container. The preparation of 112 in this way was first reported by Bhattachaijee and coworkers,101 and, shortly thereafter, by Unger and coworkers.128 The Canadian authors synthesized the... 

Hydrochloric acid. Strong acids are used frequently for the purpose of sample dissolution when water will not do the job. One of these is hydrochloric acid, HC1. Concentrated HC1 is actually a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride gas, fumes of which are very pungent. Such a solution is 38.0% HC1 (about 12 M). Hydrochloric acid solutions are used especially for dissolving metals, metal oxides, and carbonates not ordinarily dissolved by water. Examples are iron and zinc metals, iron oxide ore, and the metal carbonates of which the scales in boilers and humidifiers are composed. Being a strong acid, it is very toxic and must be handled with care. It is stored in a blue color-coded container. 

---