Irritation and sensitization

Dermal exposure of rats to doses of dimethyltin dichloride at 80 mg/kg body weight produced dermal necrosis with the formation of black scars the same dose of dibutyltin dichloride produced little surface damage to the skin together with subcutaneous oedema. Dioctyltin dichloride produced no skin lesions (Barnes Stoner, 

Eye irritancy is also summarized by Summer et al. (2003) a single study showed monomethyltin to be a 

Monomethyltin Rat Oral 2150 mg/kg body weight Hill-Tep Texicelegy (1978) 

Monobutyltin Rat Oral 2200 mg/kg body weight Sobering AG (1969a) 

Monooctyltin Rat Oral 2400 mg/kg body weight Hess Schweinfurt (1989) 

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Butynediol is a primary skin irritant and sensitizer, requiring appropriate precautions. Acute oral toxicity is relatively high LD q is 0.06 g/kg for white... 

Sensitization. The skin irritation and sensitization potentials of 9.0% thioglycolic acid were evaluated usiag the open epicutaneous test. Reactions were not observed dutiag the challenge phase. ThioglycoHc acid was an irritant, but not a sensitizer (20). 

Lisi P, Caraffmi S, Assalve D. 1987. Irritation and sensitization potential of pesticides. Contact Dermatitis 17 212-218. 

The effect differs according to time and place. So far as the time effect is concerned, there is a need to distinguish acute effect, which appears a short while after the substance penetration, from the long term or chronic effect, for which effects can be identified after several years of exposure. The action can be local, ie contact point with the substance, or systemic , reaching organs that are distant from the penetration point.The local effect affects skin and eyes and/or mucous membranes, especially the inhalation ones. The local effects are irritant and sensitive. 

Kinkead ER, Bunger, SK, Wolfe RE. 1992e. Irritation and sensitization evaluation of Fyrquel 220 hydraulic fluid. 212-213. 

Kinkead ER, Wolfe RE, Bunger SK. 1992d. Irritation and sensitization evaluation of Durad MP280 hydraulic fluid. Acute Toxicity Data 1 211. 

Biological evaluation of medical devices—Part 10 Tests for irritation and sensitization. ISO 10993-10 1992. International Standards Organization, 1992. 

White crystalline solid that is nearly odorless. This material is hazardous through inhalation, penetration through broken skin, and ingestion, and produces local skin/eye impacts. Even dilute solution can cause skin irritation and sensitization. 

The use of screens in environmental assessment and occupational health is fairly straightforward. On the occupational side, the concerns (as addressed in Chapter 11 of this volume) address the potential hazards to those involved in making the bulk drug. The need to address potential environmental concerns covers both true environmental items (aquatic toxicity, etc.) and potential health concerns for environmental exposures of individuals. The resulting work tends to be either regulatorily defined tests (for aquatic toxicity) or defined endpoints such as dermal irritation and sensitization, which have been (in a sense) screened for already in other nonspecific tests. 

Skin Irritation and Sensitization Testing of Generic Transdermal Drug Products 06 01 00... 

In the first step of the hazard assessment process, aU effects observed are evaluated in terms of the type and severity (adverse or non-adverse), the dose-response relationship, and NOAEL/LOAEL (or alternatively BMD) for every single effect in aU the available studies if data are sufficient, and the relevance for humans of the effects observed in experimental animals. In this last step of the hazard assessment, all this information is assessed as a whole in order to identify the critical effect(s) and to derive a NOAEL, or LOAEL, for the critical effect(s). It is usual to derive a NOAEL on the basis of effects seen in repeated dose toxicity studies and in reproductive toxicity studies. However, for acute toxicity, irritation, and sensitization it is usually not possible to derive a NOAEL because of the design of the studies used to evaluate these effects. For each toxicological endpoint, these aspects are further addressed in Sections 4.4 through 4.10. 

Up to now, the TTC concept has only been developed and used for systemic effects following oral exposure (dietary uptake). For industrial chemicals, the predominant exposure is to workers and consumers via inhalation and/or by skin contact. Toxic endpoints of concern for industrial chemicals such as irritation and sensitization relevant for skin and lung are therefore not covered by the TTC concepts developed up to now. 

Acute inhalation exposures have resulted in irritation of the upper respiratory tract, even leading to nasal perforations. Occupational exposure to arsenic compounds results in hyperpigmentation of the skin and hyperkeratoses of palmar and plantar surfaces, as well as dermatitis of both primary irritation and sensitization types. Impairment of peripheral circulation and Raynaud phenomenon have been reported with long-term exposure. ... 

Toxicology. Benzoyl peroxide is an irritant of mucous membranes and causes both primary irritation and sensitization dermatitis. 

Occular irritation has been reported in rabbits at concentrations as low as 0.05%. Some evidence of dermal irritation and sensitization has been reported in animal and human studies. ... 

The curing process renders the resin essentially inert and nontoxic. At room temperature, full curing may take several days incompletely cured resins may cause skin irritation and sensitization. Respiratory symptoms may result from inhalation of cured epoxy dusts during grinding, presumably due to release of residual curing agent. Skin irritation and sensitization have been associated with epoxy resin exposure. 

Toxicology. Formaldehyde is an irritant of the eyes and respiratory tract it causes both primary irritation and sensitization dermatitis at high levels it is carcinogenic in experimental animals and, although results are equivocal in humans, it is considered a suspected human carcinogen. 

Toxicology. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) is an irritant and sensitizer of the respiratory tract and the skin. 

US Air Force The acute irritation and sensitization potential of JP-4, JP-7, JP-8, and JP-TS jet fuels. In Toxic Hazards Research Unit... 

Toxicology. Maleic anhydride is a severe irritant of the eyes it is an irritant and sensitizer of both the skin and respiratory tract and may produce asthma on repeated exposure. 

Toxicology. There are no data demonstrating acute or chronic rhodium-related diseases irritation and sensitization have occasionally been reported in humans from exposure to the salts of rhodium. Solutions of insoluble salts splashed in the eye may cause mild irritation. 

Toxicology. Triphenyl phosphite (TPP) is a skin irritant and sensitizer in humans and is neurotoxic in laboratory animals. 

Irritation/Sensitivity May be irritating and sensitizing to the skin of some patients check skin for sensitivity prior to application. If redness or irritation persists, consult physician. 

Guinea pig tests Indicated that CS had a potential for producing human skin irritation and sensitization.38 39... 

E. I. Dupont de Nemours. 1977a. Special primary skin irritation and sensitization on guinea pigs. EPA/OTS doc 86-870001005. 

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