Intraperitoneal seeding

The primary role of CT is to assess for the presence of extra-gastric tumour spread, lymph node disease, intraperitoneal seeding, andhaematogenous spread. See Appendix 1. 

Hepatotoxic activity. Ethanol (95%) extract of the dried resin, administered intraperitoneally to toads at a dose of 10 mg/ day for 14 days, was active. The results were significant atp < 0.01 leveP h Histamine release stimulation. Water extract of the seed, administered intrader-mally to human adults, was active on human basophils k... 

Anti-tumor activity. Water extract of the dried seed, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active on CA-755 cells . Hot water extract of the dried seed, administered in the drinking water of mice at a concentration of 0.5%, was active on spontaneous mammary tumors °. 

Hypothermic activity. Ethanol extract of the plant, administered intraperitoneally to guinea pigs, was inactive . Hypouricemic activity. An aqueous leaf extract, administered repeatedly to male and female rats at doses of 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg daily for 60 days, produced an increase of weight, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypouricemia 5 Immunosuppressant activity. Seed oil, administered in ration of mice, was active . Inotropic effect positive. Glycerin/etha-nol extract of the leaf, administered to rabbits at a dose of 5 mg/mL, was active on heart k Ethanol (95%), glycerin, and ethanol/glycerin extracts of the seed oil, administered to rabbits at a dose of 5 mg/mL, were active on heart ° . 

Oxygen radical inhibition. Seed oil, administered to rats at a concentration of 8% of diet, was active on macrophages. Gapsai-cin or curcumin enhanced the effecG. Phagocytosis stimulation. Ethanol (95%) extract and unsaponifiable fraction of the dried leaf, administered intraperitoneally to male mice at a dose of 0.5 mL/animal, were inactive . 

Anti-thyroid activity. Boiled rice taken orally by adults at a dose of 350 g/person was inactive on iodine uptake by the thyroid Anti-tumor activity. Bran, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was active on Sarcoma 180 (solid). The biological activity has been patented . Fermented grains, in the ration of rats, were active. Miso, a paste made from the seeds of Oryza sativa and G lycine max (soybean), was fed ad libitum. The incidence of cancers in the miso treated rats was 20% less than controls vs 7,12-dimethylbenz-[a]anthracene -induced carcinogenesis ". Water extract of dried seed hull, administered intraperitoneally to mice, was active on Sarcoma 180 (ASC). A glycoprotein fraction has been tested. The biological activity reported has been patented . Anti-ulcer activity. A cerebroside fraction of rice bran, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was inac-... 

Hypoglycemic activity. Dried grain, taken orally by human adults at a dose of 162 g/ person, was active, results were significant at p less than 0.001 level . Water extract of the dried seed coat of cultivar Fukuyuki, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was active k Hypotensive activity. Ethanol (50%) extract of the grain, administered intravenously to dogs at a dose of 50 mg/kg, was active . 

Radioprotective effect. Rice seeds of cul-tivars Katakutara and Kusabue, kept in the seed hull and irradiated with y-radiation, showed greater germination than those that had been dehulled and irradiated ° . Salivary secretion. Decoction of the grain, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was inactive vs pilocarpine-induced salivary flow in streptozo-tocin-diabetic mice " . ... 

Antitoxic effect. Sesame oil, adiministered to male Wistar rats, ameliorated hepatic and renal damage in a dose-dependent manner and increased survival in lipopolysaccha-ride-treated rats. It decreased lipid peroxide concentration in serum but not in liver and kidney. Serum nitrite production was unaffected by sesame oil ingestion, and the activity of xanthine oxidase was reduced in the lipopolysaccharide-challenged rats k Anti-tumor activity. Water extract of the dried seed, administered intragastrically to mice at a dose of 50 mg/animal daily for 5 days, was active on CA-Ehrlich-ascites, 18% increase in life-span. Intraperitoneal administration was active on Dalton s lyphoma and CA-Ehrlich-ascites, 19 and 39% increase in life-span, respectively ". Seed oil, administered to rats intraperito-neally with 1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene or re-tene, was active on sarcoma ". 

Quil-A saponin toxicity. Mice fed Quil-A-supplemented diet (a saponin that emulsifies fats and potentiates the immune responses) showed higher level of docosa-pentaenoic acid in the liver. These changes were associated with a significant reduction in the plasma PGEl and PGE2 and thrombohane-B2 levels in response to an intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, LDjf, 20 mg/ kg. The data suggest that sesame seed oil and Quil A, when present in the diet, exerted cumulative effects that resulted in a decrease in the levels of dienoic eicosanoids with a reduction in lL-1 P and a con-commitant elevation in the levels of lL-10 that were associated with a marked increase survival in mice . ... 

Isoprene [7.34 mmol/kg bw by intraperitoneal injection] affected ovarian follicles in 21-day-old B6( 3F. mice. Small (primordial) follicle counts were reduced by 76 5% while growing (primary to pre-antral) follicle counts were reduced by 46% 8% when compared with the respective sesame seed oil controls (Doerr et al., 1995). 

Interestingly, the antiviral activity of HS mimetics against flaviviruses was also demonstrated in vivo. Two sulfated galactomannans extracted from seeds of Mimosa scabrella and Leucaena leucocephala, named BRS and LLS, respectively, protected mice against intraperitoneal infection with YFV [91]. More recently, the oligosaccharide PI-88 was assayed in vitro and in murine models of flavivirus infection. This low molecular weight compound did not show in vitro effectiveness but ameliorated disease in JEV and DENV-2 infected mice,... 

Despite several warnings over many years, the use of mercuric chloride solutions during operations in an attempt to kill cancer cells implanted in healthy tissues persists in some countries. Intraperitoneal administration, when seeding of a visceral cancer is feared, carries the risk of mercury absorption and nephrotoxicity. Death from intoxication after peritoneal lavage with a mercuric chloride solution has been reported (3). 

The co-administration of M. oleifera seed powder with arsenic protects animals from arsenic induced oxidative stress and reduce body arsenic burden (49). Exposure of rats to arsenie (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 6 weeks) increases the levels of tissue reaetive oxygen species (ROS), metallothionein (MT) and thiobarbitnrie aeid reaetive substance (TEARS) and is accompanied by a decrease in the aetivities in the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), eatalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Also, Arsenic exposed mice exhibits hver injury as reflected by reduced acid phosphatase (AGP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and altered heme synthesis pathway as shown by inhibited blood 8-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (5-ALAD) activity. Co-administration of M. oleifera seed powder (250 and 500 mg/kg, orally) with arsenie significantly increases the activities of SOD, catalase, GPx with elevation in redueed GSH level in tissues (liver, kidney and brain). These ehanges are accompanied by approximately 57%, 64% and 17% decrease in blood ROS, liver metallothionein (MT) and lipid peroxidation respectively in animal eo-administered with M. oleifera and arsenic. There is a reduced uptake of arsenie in soft tissues (55% in blood, 65% in liver, 54% in kidneys and 34% in brain) following eo-administration of M. oleifera seed powder (particularly at the dose of 500 mg/kg). This points to the fact that administration of M. oleifera seed powder could be beneficial during chelation therapy with a thiol chelator (26). 

Intraperitoneal injection in mice caused anorexia, drowsiness and diminished then absent reflexes (el-Shabrawy et al., 1987). Guinea-pigs given intraperitoneal abrus seed extract showed similar features (Routh and Lahiri, 1971). The intraperitoneal dose which was lethal to 50% (LD50) of treated mice has variably been reported as 8.34 mg/kg (el-Shabrawy et al., 1987) and 0.02 mg/kg (Lin et al., 1969). This discrepency is likely to reflect differences in purity of the abrin extract and/or experimental conditions. 

The LD50 of intraperitoneally administered dill seed extracts in mice was 3.04 g/kg for the aqueous extract and 6.89 g/kg for the ethanolic extract (Hosseinzadeh et al. 2002). 

Oral and intraperitoneally administered extracts of sacred lotus seed exhibited effects on the estrus cycle in rats and mice (Mazumder et al. 1992 Mutreju et al. 2008). 

The LD50 of intraperitoneally administered ziziphus seed in mice is 14.3 g/kg (Chen and Chen 2004). Intraperitoneal administration of 10 to 15 g/kg of an aqueous extract of ziziphus seed was lethal to guinea pigs (Zhu 1998). 

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