Salivary secretions

According to Nyman the pharmacological action of hyoscine is considerably modified in the quaternary compounds of the alkaloid, e.g., the inhibiting action on salivary secretion is greatly increased in the methonitrate, as is also the spasmolytic activity, but the mydriatic action is unchanged and the central sedative activity disappears. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy N URATES The nitrates may be administered by die sublingual (under die tongue), buccal (between the cheek and gum), oral, IV, or transdermal route Nitroglycerin may be administered by die sublingual, buccal, to peal, transdermal, oral, or IV route If die buccal form of nitroglycerin has been prescribed, die nurse instructs die patient to place die buccal tablet between die cheek and gum or between die upper lip and gum above die incisors and allow it to dissolve The nurse shows the patient how and where to place die tablet in die mouth. Absorption of sublingual and buccal forms is dependent on salivary secretion. Dry mouth decreases absorption. 

The activity of a-, p-, and y-amylase is usually used as an important quality parameter of honey, according to the Directive 2001/110/CE (Voldrich et al, 2009). Amylase in honey mainly originates from the salivary secretions of honeybees, which was concluded based on fhe presence of amylase in honey produced by sugar-fed honeybees (Sfadelmeier and Bergner, 1986) and on similarities between honey and... 

Evidence has been accumulating that extracellular metabolic activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, occurs within skin glands and on the skin surface (Albone, 1997). Sterile human apocrine secretions do not develop the characteristic axillary odour (Shelley et al., 1953). In the salivary secretions of the boar, transformations of the pheromonal 16-androstene steroids 2. were attributed to the microbial flora (Booth, 1987). 

Xerostomia Dryness of the mouth resulting from diminished or arrested salivary secretion. 

The acquired or conditioned salivary reflex is elicited in response to the thought, sight, smell, or sound of food. As demonstrated with Pavlov s dog, these stimuli result in a learned response. Another stimulus that enhances salivation is nausea. Salivary secretion is inhibited by fatigue, sleep, fear, and dehydration. Overall, 1 to 2 1 of saliva may be produced per day. 

Water-soluble methylglyoxal adenine derivative 11 has recently been reported as a potentiator of wild-type and F508del-CFTR mutations in several cell lines [55]. Ex vivo addition of 11 to cftr mice colonic epithelium induced a dose-dependent elevation of chloride secretion with a measured EC50 of 175 + 1.1 pM. In vivo, in cftr+/ mice, addition of 11 in the presence of isoprenaline induced a dose-dependent salivary secretion with an EC50 of 7.1 + 1.1 pM whereas no effect of isoprenaline and 11 was observed on the salivary secretion of cftr mice. 

Administration of 17 to homozygous F508del-CFTR mice for 48 h, using a micro-osmotic pump delivery system (50 ig/h), increased the salivary secretion to 6.6% of normal wild-type control mice. Compound 18, an inhibitor of the a-1,2 glucosidase, was reported as a CFTR corrector... 

Another clinically important effect I would like to mention is the inhibition of salivary secretion by clonidine. Both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are involved in the physiological regulation of salivation. HOEFKE (53) as well as RAND and coworkers (54) found that parasympathetic salivary secretion stimulated by electrical impulses on the chorda tympani and by carbachol could not be blocked by clonidine in anaesthetised animals. In our own experiments in rats with clonidine and the 2,6-diethyl derivative St 91 which does not penetrate to the CNS, secretion of saliva was blocked only after clonidine, (HOEFKE (55)) indicating a central mode of action. 

Langley JN (1890) On the physiology of salivary secretion Part VI. Chiefly upon the connection of peripheral nerve fibres which run to the sub-lingual and sub-maxiUary glands. J Physiol 11 123-158... 

Utilize nontoxic excipients (both diluents and the mucoadhesive polymers) which do not irritate or damage the mucosa and do not stimulate salivary secretion. 

Pharmacology Solifenacin is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Muscarinic receptors plays a role in contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle and stimulation of salivary secretion. 

Sradycard/a Atropine is used in the suppression of vagally mediated bradycardias. Preoperative medication Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and glycopyrrolate are used as preanesthetic medication to control bronchial, nasal, pharyngeal, and salivary secretions and to block cardiac vagal inhibitory reflexes during induction of anesthesia and intubation. Scopolamine is used for preanesthetic sedation and for obstetric amnesia. 

Radioprotective effect. Rice seeds of cul-tivars Katakutara and Kusabue, kept in the seed hull and irradiated with y-radiation, showed greater germination than those that had been dehulled and irradiated ° . Salivary secretion. Decoction of the grain, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg, was inactive vs pilocarpine-induced salivary flow in streptozo-tocin-diabetic mice " . ... 

Notify the physician if he or she experiences diarrhea, difficulty breathing, increased salivary secretions, irregular heartbeat, muscle weakness, nausea, severe abdominal pain, sweating, and vomiting... 

Certain stimulant actions of catecholamines on various smooth muscles are blocked by alpha blockers such as uterine contraction of certain species, contraction of vas deferens and retractor penis, stimulation of seminal vesicles and vas deferens. Alpha blockers can inhibit ejaculation and produce impotence. Salivary secretion and sweat formation induced by catecholamines is blocked by alpha blockers. 

It is obtained from the betel nut Areca catechu and has got muscarinic and weak nicotinic actions. It has no therapeutic value except for chewing to promote salivary secretion and in pan masala etc. 

Pilocarpine has long been used to increase salivary secretion. Cevimeline, a quinuclidine derivative of acetylcholine, is a new direct-acting muscarinic agonist used for the treatment of dry mouth associated with Sjogren s syndrome and that caused by radiation damage of the salivary glands. 

In species where reabsorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract increases the half-life of elimination, salivary secretion represents another important excretion route. The large volume of alkaline saliva produced by ruminants offers the possibility of trapping the acidic drugs. Exhalation of products of drug metabolism, such as carbon dioxide and water, can also account for drug excretion. 

Pangbom, R.M. and Lundgren, B. (1977). Salivary secretion in response to mastication of crisp bread. J. Texture Studies 8, 463-472. 

The disk method provides information about absorption from a specific area of the mucosa. Interference from salivary secretions, difficulties in keeping the disk adhered, and loss of drug permeating due to leakage of the drug from the disk are some disadvantages with this method. 

Langley, J.N., On the physiology of the salivary secretion. Part II. On the mutual antagonism of atropin and pilocarpin, having especial reference to their relations in the sub-maxillary gland of the cat. J. Physiol. 1878, 1, 339-369. 

---