Interleukin enhances

This drug also is reported to activate macrophages, to iaduce polyclonal B-ceU activation as well as enhance specific antibody production m vivo, and to iaduce the synthesis of iaterferon and interleukin 1 (52). The iaduction of these important cytokiaes (and others) largely accounts for the profile of biological activity displayed by the pyrimidinones. Bropirimine is currentiy ia clinical evaluation for cancer, arthritis, and immunorestoration ia AIDS patients. 

Agents which enhance the host s response against neoplasias or force them to differentiate are termed biological response modifiers. Examples include interleukin 2 which is used to treat renal cell carcinoma, interferon a which is active against hematologic neoplasias, and tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which is a powerful inducer of differentiation in certain leukemia cells by acting on retinoid receptors. Side effects include influenza like symptoms, changes in blood pressure and edema. 

Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (Fig. 2) Humanized monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies (Infliximab (Remicade ), Adalimumab (Humira )) bind with high selectivity to human TNF-a and neutralize its activity. Thereby, infliximab decreases the effects of enhanced TNF levels during inflammatory disease such as production of proteases, chemokines, adhesion molecules, cyclooxygenase products (prostaglandins), and proinflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1 and -6. The antibodies may also recognize membrane-bound TNF-a on lymphocytes and other immune cells. These cells may subsequently become apoptotic or are eliminated via Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis. 

Ohshima Y, Yang LP, Uchiyama T, Tanaka Y, Baum P, Sergerie M, Hermann P, Delespesse G 0X40 costimulation enhances interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression at priming and promotes the differentiation of naive human CD4i- T cells into high IL-4-producing effectors. Blood 1998 92 3338-3345. 

There is an enhanced frequency of RCM-related side effects in interleukin-2-treated patients, which is indicative of a T-cell-mediated pathology. Interleukin-2 has... 

Fever is the most common manifestation. The thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus regulates body temperature and this can be affected by endotoxins (heat-stable lipopolysaccharides) of Gram-negative bacteria and also by a monokine secreted by monocytes and macrophages called interleukin-1 (IL-1) which is also termed endogenous pyrogen. Antibody production and T-cell proliferation have been shown to be enhanced at elevated body temperatures and thus are beneficial effects of fever. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

The production of a female-influencing secretion from the chin gland of male Plethodontid salamander (P. jordani) points to a similar extension of function by the acquisition of female olfactory sensitivity to an intercellular signal protein. Female receptivity is enhanced by a male cytokine-like compound of the interleukin-6 family, in its released form. Rollman et al. (1999) note that pheromonal activity is a previously unrecognised function for cytokines. 

Koch AE, Kunkel SL, Pearce WH, et al. Enhanced production of the chemotactic cytokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol 1993 142(5) 1423—1431. 

Kitasato Y, Hoshino T, Okamoto M, et al. Enhanced expression of interleukin-18 and its receptor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol... 

The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is important in that the cytokine IL-2, secreted by a subset of T-helper cells, enhances the proliferation of activated T and B cells and increases the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and the secretion of IgG. 

Baker, F. C., Shah, S., Stewart, D. et al. (2005b). Interleukin 10 enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep and increases c-Fos expression in the median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R998-1005. 

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 enhance slow-wave sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 253, R142-9. 

Celia, M., Scheidegger, D., Plamer-Lehmann, K., Lane, P., Lanzavecchia, A. and Alber, G. (1996) Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity T-T help via APC activation. Journal of Experimental Medicine 184, 747—752. 

Conrod, D.H., Ben-Sassort, S.Z., Le Gros, G., Finkelman, F.D. and Paul, W.E. (1990) Injection with anti-IgD antibodies markedly enhances Fc receptor mediated interleukin 4 production by non B, non T cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine 171,1497-1508. 

Dent, L.A., Daly, C.M., Mayrhofer, G., Zimmerman, T., Hallett, A., Bignold, L.P., Creaney, J. and Parsons, J.C. (1999) Interleukin-5 transgenic mice show enhanced resistance to primary infections with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis but not primary infections with Toxocara cams. Infection and Immunity 67, 989-993. 

Faulkner H.F., Renauld, J.C., Van Snick, J. and Grencis, R.K (1998) Interleukin-9 enhances resistance to the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris. Infection and Immunity 66, 3832-3840. 

Lugli, S.M., Feng, N., Heim, M.H., Adam, M., Schnyder, B., Etter, H., Yamage, M., Eugster, H.P., Lutz, R.A., Zurawski, G. and Moser, R. (1997) Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances the expression of the interleukin (IL)M receptor alpha-chain on endothelial cells increasing IL-4 or IL-13-induced Stat6 activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, 5487-5494. 

Kaye SA, Louise CB, Boyd B, Lingwood CA, Obrig TG Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome Interleukin-1 beta enhancement of Shiga toxin cytotoxicity toward human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun 1993 61 3886-3891. 

Sanders et al. [133] found that although quercetin treatment of streptozotocin diabetic rats diminished oxidized glutathione in brain and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, this flavonoid enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation, decreased hepatic glutathione level, and increased renal and cardiac glutathione peroxidase activity. In authors opinion the partial prooxidant effect of quercetin questions the efficacy of quercetin therapy in diabetic patients. (Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of flavonoids are discussed in Chapter 29.) Administration of endothelin antagonist J-104132 to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats inhibited the enhanced endothelin-1-stimulated superoxide production [134]. Interleukin-10 preserved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice probably by reducing superoxide production by xanthine oxidase [135]. 

IL-2 acts as a critical autocrine growth factor for T-cells, and the magnitude of the T-cell response is largely dependent upon the level of IL-2 produced. IL-2 also serves as a growth factor for activated B-lymphocytes. In addition to promoting proliferation of these cells, IL-2 (as well as some other interleukins) stimulates enhanced antibody production and secretion. In this way, it effectively potentates the humoral immune response. 

Increased expression and enhanced concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 (3,... 

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a member of the gpl30 cytokine family and is con-stitutively produced by several cells of bone microenvironment, particularly by osteoblasts and their precursors (Heymann et al. 2000). The main function in bone is on OCS and bone resorption, and its effects are connected to those of IL-1, TNF-a, and PTHrP. IL-6 induces osteoclastlike formation by inducing IL-1 synthesis, and the addition of anti-IL-1 inhibits osteoclast formation by IL-6 (Kurihara et al. 1990). Moreover, IL-6 mediates the effects of TNF-a and enhances PTHrP-induced hypercalcemia and bone resorption by increasing the osteoclast progenitor pool and differentiation into mature osteoclasts (Devlin et al. 1998). 

Jackson, J.D. et al., Interleukin-12 enhances peripheral hematopoiesis in vivo, Blood, 85, 2371, 1995. 

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