Toxins Shiga

Shiga toxins and related toxins from E. coli No proteins ( ) 28S rRNA A/-glycosidase Cleavage of 28S rRNA Inhibition of protein synthesis... 

Shiga toxin is produced (i) by Shigella cfysenterica, the cause of bacillary dysentery, (ii) by certain E. coli strains (EHEC, enterohaemorrhagic E. coli cause of the... 

STEC Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli... 

Bettelheim, K. A. Beutin, L. Rapid laboratory identification and characterization of verocytotoxigenic (Shiga toxin producing) Escherichia coli (VTEC/STEC). J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 95, 205-217. 

Beutin, L. Krause, G. Zimmermann, S. Kaulfuss, S. Gleier, K. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from human patients in Germany over a 3-year period. I. Clin. Microbiol. 2004, 42,1099-1108. 

Strauch, E. Schaudinn, C. Beutin, L. First-time isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage encoding the Shiga toxin 2c variant, which is globally spread in strains of Escherichia coli 0157. Infect. Immun. 2004,72, 7030-7039. 

Different EHEC serotypes are often found in ruminant populations, but most of the research to elucidate the effect of feed type on EHEC prevalence has been based on serotype 0157 H7. The preference for this pathogenic strain is due to its public health importance, its unique phenotypic characteristics that allow a relatively easy identification compared to other serotypes and the fact that ruminants are its most important natural reservoir. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are a larger group that includes EHEC and have also been found in ruminant populations in relatively large prevalence. Because the pathogenicity of most STEC has not been proven, we will focus our discussion on serotype 0157 H7. 

Johnson W M and Lior H (1987), Production of shiga toxin and a cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) by semigroups of Shigella spp. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 48, 235-238. 

G. D. Armstrong, Assessment in mice of the therapeutic potential of tailored, multivalent Shiga Toxin carbohydrate ligands, J. Infect. Dis., 187 (2003) 640-649. 

K. Nishikawa, K. Matsuoka, E. Kita, N. Okabe, M. Mizugushi, K. Hino, S. Miyazawa, C. Yamasaki, J. Aoki, S. Takashima, Y. Yamakawa, M. Nishijima, et al., A therapeutic agent with oriented carbohydrates for treatment of infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 H7, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 99 (2002) 7669-7674. 

K. Nishikawa, K. Matsuoka, M. Watanabe, K. Igai, K. Hino, K. Hatano, A. Yamada, N. Abe, D. Terunuma, H. Kuzuhara, and Y. Natori, Identification of the optimal structure required for a Shiga Toxin neutralizer with oriented carbohydrates to function in the circulation, J. Infect. Dis., 191 (2005) 2097-2106. 

E. coli 0157 H7 (EHEC if blood in stool also test for Shiga toxin and refer isolates if toxin pos.)... 

Obrig TG, Louise CB, Lingwood CA, Boyd B, Barley-Maloney L, Daniel TO Endothelial heterogeneity in Shiga toxin receptors and responses. JBiol Chem 1993,268 15484-15488. 

Obrig TG, Del Vecchio PJ, Brown JE, Moran TP, Rowland BM, Judge TK, Rothman SW Direct cytotoxic action of Shiga toxin on human vascular endothelial cells. Infect Immun 1988 56 2373-2378. 

Louise CB, Obrig TG Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome Combined cytotoxic effects of Shiga toxin, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha on human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun 1991 59 4173-4179. 

Jacewicz MS, Acheson DW, Binion DG, West GA, Lincicome LL, Fiocchi C, Keusch GT Responses of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells to Shiga toxins 1 and 2 and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis. Infect Immun 1999 67 1439-1444. 

Ramegowda B, Samuel JE, Tesh VL Interaction of Shiga toxins with human brain micro-vascular endothelial cells Cytokines as sensitizing agents. J Infect Dis 1999 180 1205— 1213. 

O Loughlin EV, Robins-Browne RM Effect of Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins on eukaryotic cells. Microbes Infect 2001 3 493-507. 

Ribosome activating cytotoxic proteins that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis in cells, causing cell death. They are obtained from bacteria (Escherichia coli serotype 0157 H7). Verotoxin 1 is almost identical to shiga toxin (C16-A032) and differs only by a single amino acid. Verotoxin 2 has significant differences. 

Human toxicity values have not been established or have not been published. However, based on the similarity to shiga toxin (C16-A032), these materials are likely to be several magnitudes more toxic than the nerve agent VX (C02-004). 

Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur, David W.K. Acheson, Anne V. Kane, and Gerald T. Keusch. "Purification of Shiga Toxin and Shiga-Like Toxins I and II by Receptor Analog Affinity Chromatography with Immobilized PI Glycoprotein and Production of Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibodies." Infection and Immunity 57 (December 1989) 3888-893. 

Paton, A. W., Morana, R., and Paton, J. C. (2001). Neutralization of shiga toxins Stxl, Stx2, and Stx2e by recombinant bacteria expressing mimics of globotriose and globotetraose. Infect. Immun. 69,1967-1970. 

Stevens, M. P., van Diemen, P. M., Frankel, G., Phillips, A. D., and Wallis, T. S. (2002). Efal influences colonization of the bovine intestine by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes 05 and Olll. Infect. Immun. 70, 5158-5166. 

Shiga toxin is described as being transported after uptake via clathrin-coated pits from recycling endosomes to the Golgi apparatus (31). 

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