Body temperature regulation

The TAAR receptor system has also been associated with body temperature regulation on the basis of putative thyroid hormone metabolites and their synthetic derivatives (thyronamines) activating TAAR1 in rodents. However, as these effects are only observed with thyronamine concentrations several orders of magnitude above physiological levels, and as the specificity of these compounds has not been determined, the physiological significance of these observations is unclear. 

General functions of the skin are outlined in Table 1. These functions include containment of tissues and organs, multifaceted protections, environmental sensing, and body temperature regulation. Some skin functions are inextricably entwined. For instance, containment and the barrier functions are to some extent inseparable. Active sweating is accompanied by increased peripheral blood flow, which in turn is tied in with greater nourishment of the cells of the skin as needed to promote their proliferation, differentiation, and specialization. 

The spread mixed lipid monolayer studies provide information about the packing and orientation of such molecules at the water interface. These interfacial characteristics affect many other systems. For instance, mixed surfactants are used in froth flotation. The monolayer surface pressure of a pure surfactant is measured after the injection of the second surfactant. From the change in n, the interaction mechanism can be measured. The monolayer method has also been used as a model biological membrane system. In the latter BLM, lipids are found to be mixed with other lipidlike molecules (such as cholesterol). Hence, mixed monolayers of lipids + cholesterol have been found to provide much useful information on BLM. The most important BLM and temperature melting phenomena is the human body temperature regulation. Normal body temperature is 37°C (98°F), at which all BLM function efficiently. 

The other side effects include epileptic seizures, disturbances in body temperature regulation. ANS side effects include tachycardia, difficulty in micturition, inhibition of ejaculation, postural hypotension, blurring of vision (with thioridazine), constipation, nasal stuffiness etc. 

Clinical studies showed that elderly patients are more sensitive to drugs such as sedatives, hypnotics, and analgesics. The most extensive studies show a decrease in responsiveness to /3-adrenoreceptors, stimulants, and blockers. Hypothermia is poorly tolerated by the elderly, as their body temperature regulation is impaired. 

Schier JG, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS. Cocaine and body temperature regulation. Ann Intern Med 2002 137(10) 855-6. 

Amphetamines. In Lomax, P., and Schonbaum, E., eds. Modern Pharmacology- Toxicology, Volume 16 - Body Temperature Regulation, Drug Effects and Therapeutic Implications. New York Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1979. pp. 461-498. 

Body temperature for nearly all warm-blooded animals is about the same. Mammals have body temperatures regulated to within a range of 36°C-38°C independent of body size (Kleiber, 1975). There is hardly any difference in body temperature between those mammals living in the Arctic or in a tropical jungle. Hibernating mammals, however, are an exception. Birds have a slightly higher body temperature, of about 41°C, compared to mammals. 

It has also been shown that intrathecally injected T influences body temperature regulation in dogs and that intrathecally administered T3 in rats causes greater heart rate stimulation than intravenous 13. These studies indicate that thyroid hormones can regulate certain body functions by effects exerted at specific sites within the brain in addition to direct effects on the organs themselves and that these sites can be approached through the CSF. 

The DP receptor is the most recent addition to the family of prostanoid receptors and is perhaps the least well characterized (Boie et al., 1995). PGDj is the major prostanoid released from mast cells it has been implicated in the sleep-wake cycle and body temperature regulation, pain responses, vasodilation and vasoconstriction, as well as platelet aggregation. The agonist affinity for DP is PGD PGE PGF and it signals via activation of adenylate cyclase (increased cAMP concentration) (Breyer et al., 2001 Nammiya and FitzGerald, 2001). 

Gawa, N. R. et al,J Neurosci, 27, 2007, 3366-3374. (TRPVl receptor and body temperature regulation)... 

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