Instantiations

This is high-level description of the explanation process can be illustrated in the flowshop example. To instantiate the target concept, we use the partial solution strings that represent x and y call them a-, [Pg.319]

During the solution of a specific example we take the implications (rules) and instantiate them with the specific facts of the example. Thus part of the explanation might look like... 

Frames can be seen as structures where all relevant information about an object or a concept is collected. As an example the relevant information about a column in a chromatographic method can be represented by a dedicated general frame, COLUMN. Separate columns can be represented by so-called instantiations of this frame. Instantiations are copies of the general frame that contain the characteristics of a specific object, in this example the separate columns. 

A typical feature of expert systems that support frames is inheritance. Frames can be organized in a hierarchical structure. They can inherit properties (attributes) from frames that are higher in the hierarchy. The latter are therefore called parent frame and the former child frame. There are many varieties of the inheritance principle. Frames can have only one parent frame (simple inheritance) or may have multiple parent frames (multiple inheritance). All attributes can be inherited (full inheritance) or only a few, selected by the knowledge engineer, may be inherited (partial inheritance) by the child frames. An example of a simple inheritance organization of frames is shown in Table 43.1. The frame Organic Compound is the parent frame. The frames Ester and Acids are child frames of Organic Compound . A typical example of inheritance is instantiation. The frame Acetic acid is a child of Acids and, since no extra attributes are added, it is also an instantiation. 

The Kaplan-Meier survival estimates plots are instantiated by specifying PLOTS = (S) in the PROC LIFETEST statement. To show just the line itself, CENSOREDSYMBOL = NONE is specified to hide the censored observations in the plot. EVENTSYMBOL = NONE is specified here to hide the event points, although this is the default setting for... 

Types that define the behavior expected at the interfaces to classes. Classes implement types. In some design styles, all parameters and variables are declared with types classes are referred to in the code only to instantiate new objects, and even that is encapsulated within factory objects. 

A class implements any number of interfaces and also implicitly defines a new type. Behavioral guarantees should be defined on interfaces but are not directly supported by the language itself. You cannot instantiate an interface, only a class. 

The only time the client needs to know the class is to instantiate it. 

The choice of types for a local variable—temporaries, inputs, and even return values— for an operation is crucial to good decoupling. As soon as you declare a variable or parameter that belongs to a particular class, you have made your part of the program dependent on that class. This means that any changes there may have an impact here. Instead, it is usually better to declare all variables as types, the only place in a program where you absolutely must refer to a concrete class is to instantiate a new object. 

The minimal component that could contain C1 would also have to include the specifications of 11, I2, TO, T1, and T2. A package with a single class the interfaces it implements (perhaps those interface specs are imported from another package) and the interfaces it requires of any other objects it deals with (input parameters, returned objects, factory objects it uses to instantiate other objects, and so on) would constitute a minimal 00 component. 

Java retains an explicit runtime representation of class, interface, and method definitions in its compiled class form the reflection API is a facility for accessing this information. For every class that is loaded into a running system, Java instantiates a single instance of the predefined class Class. There is a static method for dynamically loading any class based on its name and several methods for examining the structure of a class definition. 

The simplest way to write a JavaBean is to program a single class, following certain naming patterns for the methods on your class. Using the reflection API on an instantiated... 

Home interface The client interface to a factory object that instantiates the main server Bean. A client locates this factory using a standard directory-based name lookup. 

New objects are instantiated by a library call to CoCreatelnstance, with a unique identifier for a particular implementation to be instantiated and the identifier of the interface of the new object that should be returned. The appropriate server is identified (from those registered in the system registry), started, and requested (via a factory) to create a new object it returns an interface reference to the client. 

We ll begin our discussion of component kits with an example to illustrate the basic principles and later show how they apply to larger-scale (and more business-oriented) components. These examples use various kinds of connectors between component instantiations, coupling service requirement points (ports) in one to service provision points... 

Instantiation What must you do to create an instance of a component and to couple components together ... 

Components are instantiated in the same way as types are instantiated in a postcondition by using ComponentType.new. Consider an operation that causes a component to permanently invert the value of a Boolean output property. 

A particular component architecture (such as COM+) might intercept the instantiation and connection operations. (Remember, many of them need to be a part of the standard infrastructure services see Section 10.2.2, Components and Standardization.) That component infrastructure can monitor the known components and their connections to provide richer extensions of behavior. 

All the standard notations for dynamic creation of objects, links between objects, and cardinality constraints on the connections extend also to components. In addition, visual builder tools may provide alternative visualizations for instantiating components and connecting their ports. 

Every 00 language provides some form of plug-ins. The most common form is the use of framework classes the superclasses implement the skeleton of an application—implementing methods that call operations that must be defined in the subclasses—and a set of subclasses serves to specialize the application. The plug-points are the subclasses and their overriding methods. In C++, a template List class can be instantiated to provide lists of numbers, lists of elephants, or lists of whatever class the client needs the plug-point is a simple template parameter. 

Minimize the number of explicit mentions of other classes. Refer to other objects by their types or interfaces. When you need to instantiate another object, use a factory method rather than directly name the class to instantiate. 

The idea here is to use classes and methods whose speciality is knowing what class to instantiate. 

QED infer Sapp-example A11 Atom (x) Plan (x) 5 User Infer Request Sapp-example Plan To Be Instantiated by rule Plan1 ... 

The goal make. synthon instantiates the general form and rewrites the instantiated general form into a pseudo-WLN form. The pseudo-WLN form has adjacent number values combined and redundant ampersands eliminated, but the branch ordering does not necessarily follow all the WLN rules. The symbol in the second argument represents a general substituent, V , where the subscript is determined by the order mentioned in the coUect.aub8ts predicate (e.y., CABF and DE ). 

The following grammar rewrites the instantiated general form to the pseudo-WLN notation. The unit symbol [] in the following grammar represents the NIL symbol (or empty symbol) and arises when a substituent is not present in a particular position. This grammar captures the following conditions the [] symbol next to a number disappears. 

Multiple instantiation of the same variable in a Monte Carlo analysis Sometimes a variable appears more than once in a model (e.g., in submodels or in additive terms). For all computational steps addressing the same unit of analysis (e.g., exposure of an individual bird) a single instantiation of the variable should be used, that means a variate must be drawn only once in each replicate of the Monte Carlo simulation. 

The facilitation of entry into hypnosis by muscle relaxation and immobility is mirrored by sleep onset. Control of the motor system must be abandoned by subjects wishing to abet either process. This at first passive deactivation of the motor system can proceed to frank paralysis in the deepest stages of trance and emergent REM sleep when the active inhibition of motor output is instantiated. The suppression of movement in deep hypnotic trance appears to be caused by extreme defacilitation of motor networks rather than active inhibition, and hence it can be overcome by strong stimulation and strong effort. 

Hess s model is all the more prescient because, at the time of its articulation, the cellular and molecular neurobiology of the central instantiation of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system were completely unknown. He had to infer their existence from his knowledge of the peripheral system and from the effects of his manipulation of the brain upon their outflow. The breakthrough came only in the early 1960s, when Anica Dahlstrom, K]ell Euxe, and others identified the norepinephrine containing cells of the locus coeruleus and the serotonin containing cells of the midline raphe nucleus. And it was even later when Marcel Mesulam and others mapped the central cholinergic neuronal system. 

Second, it underlines the importance of viewing consciousness as a highly plastic, multivariate, dynamic function with an almost infinite set of possible instantiations. Third, it vindicates the comparative approach by showing that features of one canonical state (e.g., dreaming) can appear in another canonical state (e.g., waking) simply by changing one aspect of the control systems of the brain that normally maintain the discreteness of those states. 

One of the most extraordinary, important, and potent features of the brain-mind is the construct of the self. As yet we cannot give an adequate account of how a brain comes to instantiate a self, but this still obscure integration process clearly involves memory and emotion, the two modules of the brain-mind that have always been of greatest interest to psychodynamic psychology. Now that we know how memory and emotion are altered in a state-dependent way, we can use that information to generate new approaches to their access, interpretation, and manipulation in the interest of personal satisfaction and social success. 

Sample A sample is a physically synthesized compound—the product that a chemist produces. A compound represents a structure on paper before it is synthesized through chemical reactions. The compound is instantiated when a physical sample is produced. CRS registers physically synthesized compound samples. 

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