Motor output

Motors aro designed to develop rated output at 95% voltage Figure 1.9 Effect of voltage variation on the motor output... 

To restrict the end temperature to less than the permissible limits, it is essential that the motor output be reduced, or for a required output, a higher-capacity motor be chosen. Table 1.7 gives the approximate derating factors for different ambient temperatures. Figure l.l I is based on these figures from which the derating factor even for intermediate temperatures can be quickly determined. 

For large motors, which use water as the secondary coolant in a closed circuit, the temperature of the cooling air, i.e. of the primary coolant, varies with the temperature of the cooling water inlet temperature and its rate of flow. For the performance of the motor output, this primary coolant, temperature has the same significance as the ambient temperature for an air-cooled motor. The motor output is unaffected by the ambient temperature. For such motors the output graph is shown in Figure 1.13 at different coolant temperatures and altitudes. The rating at 25°C inlet water temperature for water-cooled machines is the same as for air-cooled machines at an ambient temperature of 40°C. 

Rotor copper loss = 3 V( /j/W, watts Motor output = 3 V, Ph watts AB is known as the output line, since the output is measured above this. 

Motor output in kW for different starting torques Standard no. of starting steps... 

Subtract the stray loss to give the motor output for nominal full load. The amount of stray loss is normally taken as 0.5% of the nominal power output of the machine. The stray losses at other values of loads are obtained from ... 

Figure 12.1 Derating in motor output due to voltage unbalance...

Example 6.4 A small water-cooled condenser uses mains water at 13°C and heats this to 24°C before it goes to waste. The evaporator duty is 4.2 kW and the motor output is 1.7 kW. What is the water mass flow ... 

Brainstem Receives sensory input and initiates motor output... 

The nervous system is conventionally divided into the central nervous system (CNS the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS neuronal tissues outside the CNS). The motor (efferent) portion of the nervous system can be divided into two major subdivisions autonomic and somatic. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is largely independent (autonomous) in that its activities are not under direct conscious control. It is concerned primarily with visceral functions such as cardiac output, blood flow to various organs, and digestion, which are necessary for life. The somatic subdivision is largely concerned with consciously controlled functions such as movement, respiration, and posture. Both systems have important afferent (sensory) inputs that provide information regarding the internal and external environments and modify motor output through reflex arcs of varying size and complexity. 

Baclofen GABAb agonist, facilitates spinal inhibition of motor neurons Pre- and postsynaptic inhibition of motor output Severe spasticity due to cerebral palsy, mulitple sclerosis, stroke Oral, intrathecal Toxicities Sedation, weakness... 

Tizanidine o -Adrenoceptor agonist in the spinal cord Presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibition of reflex motor output Spasm due to multiple sclerosis, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Renal and hepatic elimination t duration, 3-6 h Toxicities Weakness, sedation hypotension... 

These features are compatible with a role in the feedforward integration of eye movement commands (and perhaps other brain stem motor outputs such as gait) but also in the feedback control of thalamocortical sector activation. No such function has previously been suggested, but the intimate connection of eye movement variability, volitional change (frontal eye field), and sensorimotor facilitation and blocking warrants serious consideration of this hypothesis. 

The facilitation of entry into hypnosis by muscle relaxation and immobility is mirrored by sleep onset. Control of the motor system must be abandoned by subjects wishing to abet either process. This at first passive deactivation of the motor system can proceed to frank paralysis in the deepest stages of trance and emergent REM sleep when the active inhibition of motor output is instantiated. The suppression of movement in deep hypnotic trance appears to be caused by extreme defacilitation of motor networks rather than active inhibition, and hence it can be overcome by strong stimulation and strong effort. 

But the activation-only model and the unidimensional graphs are inadequate because they do not represent either the active suppression of sensory input and motor output that is essential to the maintenance of behavioral sleep in the face of the restituted electrical activation state of the brain or the complete suppression of firing by locus coeruleus and raphe neurons that causes the electrically reactivated to become aminergi-cally demodulated. 

That adverse consequences would arise—were it not for the active inhibition of movement—is made dramatically clear by patients who lose their innate ability to block other motor outputs and hence enact their sometimes self-injurious dream scenarios. We will come back to this story when we discuss the tendency of some legally prescribed, consciousness altering drugs to mimic those CNS degenerative diseases that cause this so-called REM sleep behavior disorder. The one motor system whose REM sleep activation results in real, not fictive movement is, of course, the one that moves the eyes rapidly, giving REM its name. There is no need to inhibit this system, because its motor output creates no behavioral disruption of sleep or other adverse consequences for the dreamer. 

Another way of looking at this TO function is as the balance of external and internal data that is processed. Obviously, thresholds to sensory input and motor output are always relative, never absolute (except in death). Even when the system is fully exteroceptive a great deal of internally generated data is processed likewise, when the gates are maximally closed, some external information can enter the system and some motor commands can escape. 

Muscie Tonus Lost, Motor Output Biocked... 

Motor output blocked Real action impossible... 

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