Instantiation direct

A class implements any number of interfaces and also implicitly defines a new type. Behavioral guarantees should be defined on interfaces but are not directly supported by the language itself. You cannot instantiate an interface, only a class. 

Minimize the number of explicit mentions of other classes. Refer to other objects by their types or interfaces. When you need to instantiate another object, use a factory method rather than directly name the class to instantiate. 

Tire reason Singleton Pattern is used in these two classes is that only one instance of each is needed in tire entire JVM, because there is no instance variable in these two classes—they are stateless. Limiting the number of objects that can be created is a way to increase runtime efficiency and achieve good performance because object creation and garbage collection are two of the most expensive operations in JVM. The Singleton Pattern is implemented by creating a private constructor—this makes sure no instance of the class can be created outside the class itself, a static final instance of the class itself, and a public static method that returns the instance. As the constructor is private, none of its clients can instantiate the class directly. Instead, they have to use the public static method getlnstance() to retrieve the one and only instance of tire class. 

Finally, we illustrated the operation of a goal directed inference system. We showed how its WM must be partitioned into two parts. One partition contains instantiated variables which represent the current state of the ADTs while the other records currently established properties. The role of Skolem constants in the WM was also highlighted. 

Potentially, an utterance, the speaker s references in it, which are expressed by restricted parameters like 2 , and a broader context can provide a specific object referred to by an expression a, as an instantiation of the restricted parameter 2 . The instantiated object has to satisfy the restriction Tq. The restricted parameter 2 can get linked to a specific referent depending on the specific utterance context and the speaker agent. That specific referent, subjected to satisfaction of the constraint r, can fill up relation arguments in facts described by a larger expression, in which the name a. occurs, e.g., as in (49). The restriction Tq, while a direct component of the restricted parameter 2 itself, provides extra , i.e., auxiliary , semantic information, which is linked to the direct semantic content of the larger expression. 

CP-nets are similar to Bayesian networks [17]. Both utilize directed graphs however, the aim of CP-nets in using the graph is to capture statements of qualitative conditional preferential independence. A CP-net over variables V = Xi,..., Xm is a directed graph G over Xi,..., Xm whose nodes are annotated with conditional preference tables CPT Xi) for each X G V. Each conditional preference table CPT Xi) associates a total order with each instantiation u of Xj s parents Pa Xi) = U [5]. 

So, here s the exclusion argument itself Suppose that some M-instantiation causes an TVf-instantiation. By supervenience, we know that the -instantiation has a physical supervenience base, But P -instantiation is nomologicaUy sufficient for AP-instantiation. It therefore appears that Af and P each have a claim to being responsible for the instantiation of Af on this occasion, and the two claims appear to be in tension with each other. The only plausible way to resolve this tension is to conclude that the Af-instantiation causes the AP-instantiation by causing a P-instantiation. But, again by supervenience, Afhas a supervenience base, P. By the causal closure of the physical, the P-instantiation must have a complete physical cause — presumably, the P-instantiation. But now P and M are in direct competition for being the cause of the P-instantiation. ... 

It is not immediately obvious how to apply this to the case of an instance of pain and an instance of C-fiber stimulation, where pain is property-realized by C-fiber stimulation. The states of affairs that make up the core of the realizer of the pain instance should include ones that contribute directly to implementing the causal profile of pain but should not include, for example, ones that contribute to the activation of an accurate C-fiber stimulation detector. But of course the case at hand is one in which it is through the instantiation of C-fiber stimulation that the causal profile... 

An advantage of this account is that it holds instances of mental properties to be physically realized in a way that allows them to be causally efficacious, and it removes the threat that their causal efficacy is preempted by the instantiation of their physical property realizers. In the case where pain is property-realized by C-fiber stimulation, it is not true to say that the causal work we would like to ascribe to the pain instance is really done insteadhy the C-fiber-stimulation instance. Nor is it true, as it is on Kim s instance-identity thesis, that, although this work is done by the pain instance, this is only because it is identical with the C-fiber-stimulation instance. The work is indeed done by the C-fiber-stimulation instance, but this is because the core of the C-fiber-stimulation instance realizer has the core of the pain instance realizer as a part. It is only because the C-fiber-stimulation instance realizer contains the pain instance realizer that it has the relevant effects. Recall that the core of a property instance realizer consists of the states of affairs that contribute directly to the implementation of the causal profile of the property. The core of the C-fiber-stimulation instance realizer contains states of affairs that contribute to the implementation of the causal profile of pain, but these make this contribution only because they realize states of affairs contained in the state of affairs that is the core of the pain instance realizer. 

Expert system tools are now available that can deEne and depict the knowledge of an expert. These are known as frame-based systems, which deEne frames or schemas and instantiate those with information that enable them to inherit information from other frames. These systems are practical replications of schema theory. They enable you define the knowledge of the expert as well as converting that knowledge into a production system of if-then rules. Rather than instantiating the frames with information, instantiate the frames with the addresses of the nodes in the hypeitext. That would, in effect, m the expert s knowledge directly onto the hypertext. It would also be important to assess learner s cognitive stractures to assess the extent to which they reflected the expert s. 

The problem consists of seven nodes and up to eight pipes. When the viewer is instantiated, the initial values for all the variables default to the mid-point between the lower and upper bounds. From this starting point, the user may immediately interact directly with the viewer to alter the configuration or may request the application of a stochastic optimization step. At any point, the current configuration may be exported as a GAMS input file and solved using the rigorous MINLP formulation. 

Sociotechnical system is a descriptive term given to any practical instantiation of social (e.g., people, teams) and technical (e.g., SCADA systems, displays, alarms) elements engaged in purposeful, interacting, goal-directed behavior. With an appropriate emphasis on a system of sociotechnical systems, the following key features can be noted ... 

In VHDL, a component declaration is required before instantiating a component. This defines the template of the component being instantiated and includes information such as, port mode or direction, port names and the data type of the ports. These templates or component declarations are bound to sub-design entities using configuration declaration statements. Hence, when reading in a VHDL netlist you... 

Example 2.6 shows a Verilog description which instantiates the same buffer cell from the technology libraiy. In Verilog, there is no concept of component declarations. The direction and datatypes of the ports of the component being instantiated are derived from the module to which it is linked. 

A Bayesian Network (BN) (E. Zio 2009) as a probability-based knowledge representation method is appropriate for the modeling of causal processes with uncertainty. The BN is composed of nodes (variables) and arcs linking the nodes. It is a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) whose nodes represent random variables and links define probabilistic dependencies between variables. When the node obtain the available data (or evidence), the instantiation of that node occurs. Note that the amount or quality of the data is not required. That means the available data in this research is assumed as representative of the phenomenon observed and what is being modeled. By the Ref (Jensen, Finn V., 2001), the heart of Bayesian network is building... 

In each case, the ccnnponents that are used must be declared and instantiated. A component declaration informs the architecture that a particular component is being used and lists its inputs and outputs. The declaration may be located in the architecture s declarative part or a package declaration. It is possible to omit the declaration and instantiate the entity and architecture of the component directly (Box 4.6). 

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