Installation Concerns

Vacuum system. A well designed system should include  

Concfense/-—designed according to the scaled-up pilot test evaporation rate. Normally it is a shell and tube unit. 

It should also be self-draining into a vacuum-receiver, which collects the solvent as well as maintains the vacuum integrity of the entire system. The condensate receiver should have a sight glass so that visual inspection will indicate when it needs emptying. Obviously the receiver should be large enough to contain all of the condensate from one batch of product. 

Vacuum / / / —whose flow-rate depends largely upon the in take of air at the various fittings, connections, etc. Different kinds of vacuum pumps can be used e.g., rotary—water/oil sealed, reciprocating dry vacuum pump. 

Where it is necessary to operate at the end of the drying cycle below 5 torr, different types of oil sealed rotary pumps can be supplied. Such applications might occur where there is a need to operate at very low drying temperatures. 

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Significant advances have been made in the technology of CP of prestressed concrete components through extensive fundamental research and evaluation of CP systems that have been installed. Concerns about a loss of bond between... 

In some States an acceptably small probability P is defined as being less than ICT to ICt per year, depending on the method and on the installation concerned. 

This immediately shows how high the share will be of those of the population observed, whose annual mean risk due to technology is smaller or greater than the absolute basic risk R g. In the same manner the load due to a single risk source, as for example a concrete technical installation, can be ascertained from comparison of the two annual mean risk-distribution functions—once with, once without the installation concerned—and thereby an admissibility criterion can be obtained. 

Individual risks R(r) dependent on local conditions can be assigned to any technical installation concerned. The actual risks to which individual persons are exposed in the surroundings of technical installations depend on how often and how long these persons are at that location. To exclude this influence one will refer, in the sense of the impressed risk according to Chapter 2, for practical purposes to a hypothetical person staying permanently at the location concerned. Thereby the inventory-like representation of the impressed individual risk will furnish a representation of the characteristics of a technical installation at a specific location, unconnected with the behavior of the persons concerned. 

Fulfilment of the obligations enumerated in Sections 1.1 and 1.2, above, on the part of the employer and of the employees does not automatically ensure safetyconscious working in the factories and other industrial installations concerned. To achieve this it is necessary additionally to provide information, motivation and other inducements. Some examples will now be given ... 

The primary installation concerns with Hefler-type conveyor systems are the ductwork and primary-drive system. 

When the insulation of electric underground cables is damaged, so-called stray currents may arise, i.e. electric currents that are conducted through nearby water or gas pipes. This may cause serious electrolytic corrosion of the installations concerned. 

A typical m el ter iastalled in a medium sized brass foundry contains 4500 kg of brass and its inductor is rated 500 kilowatts. Brass is an alloy containing copper and zinc. Zinc vaporizes at temperatures weU below the melting temperature of the alloy. The channel iaductor furnace s low bath temperature and relatively cool melt surface result in low metal loss and reduced environmental concerns. Large dmm furnaces have found use in brass and copper continuous casting installations. 

The physical property of primary concern in this appHcation is the transmissivity and, depending on the type of installation, the clogging potential and strength properties. 

Miscellaneous Types. Various decorative effects have been developed which meet specific aesthetic requirements. These laminates may have special visual appeal, such as gloss finish, deeply embossed textures, and metallic surfaces. They are designed for specific installations and may not be suitable for all apphcations. For this reason, they are not included in these standards. Information concerning thein proper appHcation, properties, and care should be requested from the manufacturer. 

In the United States and increasingly in other parts of the world, environmental regulations prohibit the combustion of all but very low sulfur-content coals without sulfur oxide emission controls. The cost of installing sulfur oxide control equipment together with concern about equipment rehabihty have led to the shipment of the lower rank low sulfur coals from up to 1600 km away from the mining site. 

Pump Suction. The net positive suction head required (NPSHR) affects the resistance on the suction side of the pump. If it drops to or near the vapor pressure of the fluid being handled, cavitation and loss of performance occurs (13). The NPSHR is affected by temperature and barometric pressure and is of most concern on evaporator CIP units where high cleaning temperatures might be used. A centrifugal booster pump may be installed on a homogenizer or on the intake of a timing pump to prevent low suction pressures. 

Based on dryer cost alone, indirect-heat dryers are more expensive to build and install than direct-heat dryers designed for the same duty. As environmental concerns and resulting restrictions on process emissions increase, however, indirect-heat dryers are more attractive because they employ purge gas only to remove vapor and not to transport heat as well. Dust and vapor recovery systems for indirect-heat dryers are smaller and less cosdy to supply heat for drying, gas throughput in direct-heat dryers is 3—10 kg/kg of water evaporated indirect-heat dryers require only 1—1.5 kg/kg of vapor removed. System costs vary directly with size, so whereas more money may be spent for the dryer, much more is saved in recovery costs. Wet scmbbers ate employed for dust recovery on indirect-heat dryers because dryer exit gas usually is close to saturation. Where dry systems are employed, all external surfaces must be insulated and traced to prevent vapor condensation inside. 

Testing, certification, and installation rules for reheving devices are extensive. Eveiy chemical engineer responsible for the design or operation of process units should become veiy familiar with these rules. The pressure-relief-device paragraphs are the only parts of Sec. TII, Division I, that are concerned with the installation and ongoing operation of the facility all other rules apply only to the design and manufacture of the vessel. 

Where the TDS in water supphes is above the taste threshold, or where there is concern about the safety of the water supply, simple RO systems operating on line pressure have made a major impact. These compac t units are usually kitchen installed, and are simple, small, and cheap. For typical line pressure of 400 kPa, 95 percent reduction of TDS is feasible if the inlet concentration is below 2000 mg/ . 

In addition, restrictions on industrial air emissions under the Clean Air Act (CAA) as amended in 1977, the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990, and other state and local statutes and regulations have universal impact on the storage of toxic materials, with direct and significant effects on the design and operation of toxic material storage facilities. Whereas the primary factors which once determined how air emissions from storage tanks were handled were fire protection and loss prevention, in recent years environmental protection concerns nearly always determine the extent and nature of the air emission controls required to be installed. 

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