Single risk

Consider the following example in which the worker risk from a catastrophic accident has been calculated to be 2 X 10 fatalities per year. It is possible to interpret this number in many ways, but one of the most common ways is the following there is one chance in 5000 per year that a worker will be fatally injured at the plant. However, you should be cautious when interpreting single risk estimates that are the sums of products of frequency and consequence of many accidents. The way you believe (and act) may be affected by the frequency/consequence profile that the number represents (see Sections 3.2.4 and 4.2.5.) That is, your reaction to an accident that occurs once every 100 years and kills 1 person (Risk = 10 fatalities per year) and your reaction to an accident that occurs once every 10,000 years and kills 100 people (Risk = 10 fatalities per year) are likely to be very different. 

Single Risk - The equipment affected by a single eontingency. 

Risk assessments vary widely in scope and application. Some look at single risks in a range of exposure scenarios such as the IPCS Environmental Health Criteria Document series, others are site-specific and look at the range of risks posed by an installation. 

Prepare and submit a single risk management plan (RMP) that covers all affected processes and chemicals. 

The implication of the difference described above is that the mathematical form of the risk index for the two types of hazardous substances must be different. Thus, while NCRP believes that it is appropriate to develop a single risk index that accounts for mixtures of substances that cause stochastic or deterministic responses, separate risk indexes for these two types of substances are formulated first. 

The protocols to aggregate compound-specific PAF values to a single risk estimate for a mixture of compounds are derived from common toxicological theories on joint effects of compounds. As already proposed by van Straalen and Bergema (1995), these protocols may be applied after corrections for differences in bioavailability among test media and the actual field conditions have been made, if the necessary information is available. This adaptation to reflect actual exposure is conceptually motivated by the common theory of molecule-receptor interactions, which... 

Closer inspection of Equation A1.4 shows that substances with a high expected risk ratio (nE//iRfD) contribute most to the uncertainty (or variance) in the HI. If 1 or 2 components dominate the mixture, it seems sufficient to base the uncertainty assessment on these dominant components. However, mixtures are often dominated by more than 2 components. Furthermore, the covariance between the individual risk ratios should not be ignored, since exposure estimates (E,) of individual mixture components can be (positively) correlated, as well as their reference values IA>fDr). The uncertainty in the HI may be severely underestimated if these correlations are not accounted for, which is evident from the last part of Equation A1.4. The central limit theorem states that the final HI will approach a normal distribution when the number of substances in the mixture becomes large or if no single risk ratio dominates the sum (De Groot 1986). 

An innovative approach to combining the best of the first and second trimester tests has been proposed that avoids most of the limitations of stand-alone first trimester screening—the integrated test. With this approach, measurements of NT and PAPP-A are made in the first trimester but not interpreted or acted upon until the second trimester. In the second trimester, a second serum is drawn and a quadruple test performed. Results from aU six tests (NT, PAPP-A, AFP, uE CG, and DIA) are combined into a single risk estimate for interpretation in the second trimCxSter. It is projected that this approach could detect 85% of Down syndrome cases with only a 1% false-positive rate. A recent study (SURUSS) involving results from 47,507 pregnancies at multiple centers obtained results consistent with this estimate. ... 

The correctness of broken is required in the interest of the court in the given dispute and any risk bearer. Hence any single risk bearer can guarantee that the output broken does not occur (with the degree low). 

Assesses Association of risk factor and disease Many risk factors for single disease Single risk factor affecting many diseases... 

Patients include those with (a) any severe single risk factor (b) multiple major risk factors (c) 10-year risk >8%. 

Later on, we need to change the Gog) bond price proeess from the risk-neutral to the appropriate forward measure in order to compute the price of a bond option by summing over the single risk-neutral exercise probabilities. 

The left-hand side (15.1) is of a special form of the benefit-risk score in the MCDA method to be discussed next. MCDA is more flexible to handle multiple benefits and risks, and the NNH/NNT ratio is commonly used for the situation where a single benefit and a single risk are considered for BRA. 

ABSTRACT This paper highlights some aspects of the many facets of electricity distribution system risk assessment - describing the different risk consequence categories which are relevant in the whole risk picture with regards to their characteristics, their type of impact and apphcable risk analysis methods. The paper illustrates that distribution system asset management constitutes of a variety of more or less conflicting objectives - and that there is no single risk assessment method which cover all the different aspects of distribution system risk. 

Adaptations can be made of the risk assessment matrices shown in Chapter 8, A Primer on Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment, to develop a single risk-scoring model that addresses injury to people (employees and the public) facilities, product, or equipment loss operations downtime and chemical releases and environmental damage. 

To its credit, the FDA s December 2015 statement, delivered with appropriate clinical decorum and based on enormous cardiovascular safety monitoring rather than the single risk ratio point estimate and its associated confidence interval that started this case study in 2007, effectively exonerates rosiglitazone from an unacceptable cardiovascular risk. While pleasing to many clinical scientists, however, it... 

This immediately shows how high the share will be of those of the population observed, whose annual mean risk due to technology is smaller or greater than the absolute basic risk R g. In the same manner the load due to a single risk source, as for example a concrete technical installation, can be ascertained from comparison of the two annual mean risk-distribution functions—once with, once without the installation concerned—and thereby an admissibility criterion can be obtained. 

The use of risk matrix has been depicted in Fig. 1/3.3.3-1 through a simple example of single risk target pertinent to one cement plant. In this example, it is seen that for the same cause there could be two different risk levels as shown by differences in hatch lines. In the example, the same likelihood has been considered for both the cases. Since the risk level is medium, it is accepted with suggestion of installing additional devices to reduce the risk level. 

Probabilistic and simulation Probabilistic analysis specifies probability distribution of a single risk and then combinational distribution is considered. Generally, a Monte Carlo simulation model is used. Here a project simulation uses a model that translates uncertainty specified at a detailed level with its potential impact on the objective at the level of the total project. 

In a study of diabetic Pima Indians, Nelson et al. (7) identified risk factors associated with a high probability for limb amputation among diabetic individuals. These included presence of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, hypertension, absent patellar tendon reflexes, and presence of medial arterial calciflcation. However, no single risk factorwas identified as being relatively more important than another. 

Outcomes of every single risk analysis of machinery today must also include ... 

In an organization where multiple risk assessments may be conducted, the occupational safety manager will need to evaluate the comprehensive findings and determine what countermeasure recommendations to implement, or if a single risk assessment will be accepted for application. In gauging the value of a risk assessment, they should meet the following criteria at a minimum ... 

With regard to BWR type reactors, the single risk-dominant initiator is the cold over-pressurisation. There is potential for cold over-pressurisation during filling the reactor at the end of a Shutdown sequence. The status and proper actuation of safety and relief valves were found very important for BWR type reactors during shutdown state. 

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