Inhalation exposure safety

Toxicity studies on trifluoroethanol show acute oral LD q, 240 mg/kg acute dermal LD q, 1680 mg/kg and acute inhalation L(ct) Q, 4600 ppmh. Long-term subchronic inhalation exposure to 50—150 ppm of the alcohol has caused testicular depression in male rats, but no effects were noted at the 10 ppm level (32). Although the significance of the latter observations for human safety is unknown, it is recommended that continuous exposure to greater than 5 ppm or skin contact with it be avoided. 

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology. Phosphoms trichloride severely bums skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Contaminated clothing must be removed immediately. Vapors from minor inhalation exposure can cause delayed onset of severe respiratory symptoms after 2—24 h, depending on the degree of exposure. Delayed, massive, or acute pulmonary edema and death can develop as consequences of inhalation exposure. 

Health nd Safety Factors. Thionyl chloride is a reactive acid chloride which can cause severe bums to the skin and eyes and acute respiratory tract injury upon vapor inhalation. The hydrolysis products, ie, hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide, are beheved to be the primary irritants. Depending on the extent of inhalation exposure, symptoms can range from coughing to pulmonary edema (182). The LC q (rat, inhalation) is 500 ppm (1 h), the DOT label is Corrosive, Poison, and the OSHA PEL is 1 ppm (183). The safety aspects of lithium batteries (qv) containing thionyl chloride have been reviewed (184,185). 

Stripping of these compounds which can then be concentrated by adsorption on activated carbon for subsequent disposal. From a safety standpoint, if a volatile hazardous chemical is spilled, the concern over inhalation exposure may warrant the need for respirators. 

Mewhinney JA, Griffith WC, Muggenburg BA. 1980. Proposed retention model for human inhalation exposure to 241Am02. In International Radiation Protection Society, ed. Radiation protection A systemic approach to safety Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the International Radiation Protection Society, Jerusalem, March 1980. New York Pergamon Press, 615-618. 

Paracelsus stated over 400 years ago that All substances are poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy. Thus, in safety assessments of inhaled drugs, the dose, or magnitude of inhalation exposure, in relation to the physiological,... 

Niknla, K.J., Novak, R.F., Chang, I.Y., Dahl, A.R., Kracko, D.A., Zangar, R.C., Kim, S.G. Lewis, J.L. (1995) Indnction of nasal carboxylesterase in F344 rats following inhalation exposure to pyridine. Drug Metab. Dispos., 23, 529-535 NOES (1999) National Occupational Exposure Survey 1981-83. Unpnblished data as of July 1999. Cinciimati, OH, Department of Health and Hnman Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institnte for Occnptional Safety and Health Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1999) Air contaminants. US Code. Fed. 

Inhalation Exposure Levels. For setting acceptable maximum inhalation exposure levels, we usually use the lowest threshold limit values of those set by Federal OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), California OSHA, or the ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). Sometimes, as with ethylene dibromide, we accept a NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) recommended standard which is lower than the three standard-setting entities previously mentioned. In other cases, when a standard has not been set by any of these groups, we set one ourselves based on available inhalation toxicity information. 

Benz [a] anthracene alone is not regulated however, all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or volatile coal tar products together are regulated. The World Health Organization has established 0.2 pgH as the limit for aromatic hydrocarbons in a domestic water supply. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration limit in workplace air (coal tar volatiles) is 0.2 mg m The US Environmental Protection Agency weight-of-evidence classification for benz [a] anthracene is B2, a probable human carcinogen, for both oral and inhalation exposure based on adequate animal evidence and no human evidence. 

Many of these bicyclic carbamates showed high acute oral toxicity to rats they were relatively safe by dermal or inhalation exposure. An extensive program of derivatization, especially sulfenylation, of the carbamates was carried out. Ten fold or greater increases in acute oral safety were obtained this was usually accompanied by significant loss of contact insecticidal activity. 

Where does this lead us relative to the safety of residue levels of pesticides in food Most of the focus on MCS has been related to inhalational exposure of pesticides and volatile organic chemicals. This is central to the olfactory nerve pathway for chemicals to reach the brain. This is not relevant to our... 

Acrylic Acid Chemical respirator at ambient temperatures to avoid inhalation of noxious fumes, rubber gloves if exposed to wet materials, acid goggles or face shield for splash exposure, safety shower and/or eye fountain may be required. Get medical attention promptly for all exposures. Rush with water for at least 15 minutes. Hush with water for at least 15 minutes. 

Bleiberg, M.I., W.l. Scott, and R.P. Beliles Safety evaluation of diphenamid and desmethyldiphenamid in cigarette smoke by repeated inhalation exposure of rats and dogs Soc. Toxicol. Mtg, Washington, DC (1968) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 12 (1968) 299. 

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Very limited information is available regarding dermal/ocular effects after inhalation exposure to MBOCA. When a worker was accidentally sprayed with molten MBOCA, he experienced burning of the face and eyes shortly thereafter (Hosein and Van Roosmalen 1978). The worker was wearing gloves and safety glasses but no respirator or face shield, so the exposure may have occurred by ingestion or dermal absorption as well. The limitations of this study are (1) no further follow-up information was provided on the worker s condition (2) the dose of MBOCA was not known (3) exposure involved mixed routes and (4) only one exposed individual was described. 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have all set the inhalation exposure limit for white phosphorus in the workplace during an 8-houi workday at 0.1 milligram of white phosphorus per cubic meter of air (0.1 mg/m ). 

The potential consequences of inhalation exposure to nanoparticles are only beginning to be nnderstood. The toxicology of metal fumes, radionuclides, nuisance dusts, rat lung overload, the toxicology of sihca, asbestos, synthetic vitreous fibers, and pollution particles can aU be used to gain insight into the behavior of nanoparticles. Currently, there is no model to predict the toxicity or safety of nanoparticles, and little information is available with regard to human exposure and risks related to levels and duration of exposure. 

Maddy KT, Johnson L, Cusick B, et al. 1979. A study in southern California in July 1979 of the potential dermal and inhalation exposure of applicators and other persons who might later enter or occupy areas treated with chlordane used against subterranean termites under houses. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Worker Health and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection, and Worker Safety, Sacramento, CA. 

Special precautions. There are no reported risks associated with the enzymes used in this experiment however, many enzymes are immunogenic, so avoid skin contact and inhalation of enzyme powders. Although the p-nitrophenyl donor has no reported risks, the by-product of the reaction, p-nitrophenol, is harmful if in contact with the skin, inhaled or swallowed and there is a risk of cumulative effects from repeated exposure. Safety glasses and gloves should be worn dming this experiment. 

Occupational health research classifies harmful substances in workplace air on the basis of several criteria, i.e., MAC, LD50 for intragastric entry, application to skin, inhalation exposure LC50, coefficient of possible inhalation poisoning (CPIP), and acute and chronic action zones (Sanotsky and Ulanova 1975). These criteria formed the basis for classification of substances by the USSR State Standard (GOST 12.1.007-76), which is mandatory to ensure worker safety by identifying harmful substances in raw materials, products, byproducts, and industrial wastes. The classification is also used to set standards for such substances in the workplace (Table 3). 

The investigations considered small-scale preparation of capsules, cutaneous preparations, aseptic handling in a safety cabinet with laminar down flow. The inhalation exposure was measured by filtration of the air in the breathing zone, see Fig. 26.5a and b. 

Due to uncertainty about the validity of measurements of inhalation exposure when working in safety cabinets and isolators and because the awareness about the significant role of skin exposure via surface contamination, processing class 5 substances are to be dealt with in a less straightforward manner. 

Aseptic handling of solutions with class 5 substances in a safety cabinet or an isolator is safe for inhalation exposure. 

Phenol. Phenol is highly irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes in humans after acute inhalation or dermal exposures. Phenol is considered to be quite toxic to humans via oral exposure, with blood changes, liver and kidney damage, and cardiac toxicity reported. Chronic inhalation exposure to phenol in humans has been associated with gastrointestinal irritation, liver injury, and muscular effects. No data are available on the developmental or reproductive effects of phenol on humans. EPA has classified phenol as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. The NIOSH threshold limit value (TLV) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit for phenol is 19 mg/m (78). The health and environmental risks of phenol and alkylated phenols, such as cresols and butylphenols, have been reviewed (79). 

---