Inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis

In addition to the NOD mouse, Entelos has models for several human metabolic diseases (diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome), inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis), and respiratory diseases (asthma and COPD). 

Prior inflammatory disease (rheumatoid arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, pseudogout, infectious arthritis)... 

Infliximab Anti-TNFa Inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis... 

TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine exerting a wide range of cellular responses, that affect biological processes such as lipid metabolism, coagulation, and insulin resistance and the function of endothelial cells. As a major proinflammatory cytokine TNF is also involved in progression of diseases like cancer, Alzheimer, Diabetes type II, cardiovascular, pulmonary or neurological disorders, and many autoimmune diseases. Blocking the action of TNF clearly reduces its inflammatory potential on various autoimmune disorders like Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis. 

A glucocorticoid-resistance model has been proposed to provide an explanation for how stress might influence diseases in which excessive inflammation is observed (e.g., allergies, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease). In these cases, chronic stress diminishes the immune system s sensitivity to glucocorticoids that normally terminate the inflammatory response. For example, in a study of a group of 50 parents caring for a child undergoing treatment for pediatric cancer, whole blood of parents of cancer patients exhibited a lesser dexamethasone-dependent suppression of IL-6 production in vitro compared to parents of medically healthy children.94... 

Corticosteroids do not heal illnesses, but they are widely used in various conditions when it is necessary to utilize their anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, and mineralo-corticoid properties. In addition, they are used in replacement therapy for patients who have adrenal insufficiency. Corticosteroids can be used in vital situations for asthma, severe allergic reactions, and transplant rejections. They are effective in noninfectious granulomatous diseases such as sarcoidosis, collagen vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia. Steroids are used as lotions, ointments, etc. in treating a number of dermatological and ophthalmologic diseases. 

Since the recognition of the biological role of lycopene in the prevention of chronic diseases, the emphasis of the scientific community has been in the area of cancer, with special focus on prostate cancer. However, based on the hypothesis that oxidative stress may be an important etiological factor in the causation of most of the degenerative diseases and that lycopene is a potent antioxidant, the scientific community has started to study its role in diseases other than the ones reviewed in this chapter. These health disorders include skin and ocular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal diseases, and inflammatory disorders. The scientific information pertaining to the role of lycopene in these diseases is still in its infancy. However, the rationale for undertaking these studies is scientifically valid and it is hoped that in the next 3-5 years several studies will be reported in the literature. 

Chronic inflammation Acute coronary syndrome Crohn s disease Emphysema Hepatitis Inflammatory bowel disease Rheumatoid arthritis... 

MCP-1 receptor antagonists consisting of bis-(4-chloro-phenyl)-methanesulfonyl derivatives, (V), were prepared by Bratton (7) and used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. 

Diseases in which immunosuppression may be useful include tissue transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic active hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, some haemolytic anaemias and thrombocytopenias, uveitis, myasthenia gravis, polyarteritis, polymyositis, systemic sclerosis, Behcet s syndrome. 

Inflammation is a local protective response to infection or injury whereby cells and proteins in the blood enter to remove the pathogens and repair the damaged tissue. Edema, redness, pain, and heat are the four cardinal symptoms of inflammation. Extent of reactions is determined by inflammatory mechanisms mediated by serum protein or cellular systems. Serum protein systems include complement, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and kinin cellular systems include PMN cells, mast cells, platelets, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticuloendothelial system. Insufficient responses result in immunodeficiency leading to cancer and infections excessive responses are the cause of a number of chronic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer s disease (Tracey, 2002). 

Hyperutilization of folic acid may occur when the rate of cellular division is increased as is seen during pregnancy hemolytic anemia myelofibrosis mahgnancy chronic inflammatory disorders such as Crohn s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or psoriasis long-term dialysis burn patients and growth spurts seen in adolescence and infancy. This can lead to anemia, particularly when the daily intake of folate is borderline, resulting in inadequate replacement of folate stores. 

Hypoxia-induced signaling HIFla, MDM2, p53, 28S, Proteasome, IkBjS Cancer, Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Ischemia/Reperfusion... 

Part II of the book explores the role of chemokines in a variety of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma, interstitial lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and organ transplant rejection. These topics are discussed through a presentation of the pathogenesis of the disease, using a wide range of clinically relevant animal models of the disease, as well as the examination of chemokine expression in clinical samples. 

Unfortunately steroids merely suppress the inflammation while the underlying cause of the disease remains. Another serious concern about steroids is that of toxicity. The abmpt withdrawal of glucocorticoid steroids results in acute adrenal insufficiency. Long term use may induce osteoporosis, peptidic ulcers, the retention of fluid, or an increased susceptibiUty to infections. Because of these problems, steroids are rarely the first line of treatment for any inflammatory condition, and their use in rheumatoid arthritis begins after more conservative therapies have failed. 

Rheumatoid arthritis represents a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints. About 1% of the population in Germany suffers from this disease. Primarily the synovial membranes of the jounts are affected, however, the disease can also reach other organs such as the pleura, pericardium organ and skin blood vessels. The inflamed... 

Inflammatory and immune diseases Autoimmune disease (A,I), asthma (A), osteoarthritis (I), rheumatoid arthritis (I), septic shock (A,I), infections (A,I), familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (I), Muckle Wells syndrome (I), chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome/neonatal onset multisystemic inflammatory disease (CINCA/NOMID) (I), Crohn s disease (I), gout (I), acute renal failure (A,l)... 

NSAIDs are used as the first-line treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis and other inflammatory diseases, and are thus amongst the most widely used dtugs in the developed world. This widespread use inevitably entailed a considerable associated morbidity, in particular a high incidence of gastric toxicity. In the USA alone, perforations, ulcers and bleeds lead to the hospitalisation of 100,000 patients per year, and about 15% of these die while under intensive care. 

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