Peptidic ulcers

Unfortunately steroids merely suppress the inflammation while the underlying cause of the disease remains. Another serious concern about steroids is that of toxicity. The abmpt withdrawal of glucocorticoid steroids results in acute adrenal insufficiency. Long term use may induce osteoporosis, peptidic ulcers, the retention of fluid, or an increased susceptibiUty to infections. Because of these problems, steroids are rarely the first line of treatment for any inflammatory condition, and their use in rheumatoid arthritis begins after more conservative therapies have failed. 

Peptide ulcer disease (PUD) is a group of upper Gl tract disorders that result from the erosive action of acid and pepsin. Duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric ulcer (GU) are the mou common forms, although PUD may occur in the esophagus or small intestine. Factors involved in the pathogenesis and... 

Santander C, Gravalos RG, Cedenillay AG, Cantero J, Pajares JM (1996) Antimicrobial therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection vs long-term maintenance antisecretion treatment in the prevention of recurrent haemorrhage from peptide ulcer prospective nonran-domized trail of 125 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 91 1549-1552... 

Histamine receptors were first divided into two subclasses Hi and H2 by Ash and Schild (1966) on the basis that the then known antihistamines did not inhibit histamine-induced gastric acid secretion. The justification for this subdivision was established some years later when Black (see Black et al. 1972) developed drugs, like cimetidine, that affected only the histamine stimulation of gastric acid secretion and had such a dramatic impact on the treatment of peptic ulcers. A recently developed H2 antagonist zolantidine is the first, however, to show significant brain penetration. A further H3 receptor has now been established. It is predominantly an autoreceptor on histamine nerves but is also found on the terminals of aminergic, cholinergic and peptide neurons. All three receptors are G-protein-coupled but little is known of the intracellular pathway linked to the H3 receptor and unlike Hi and H2 receptors it still remains to be cloned. Activation of Hi receptors stimulates IP3 formation while the H2 receptor is linked to activation of adenylate cyclase. 

Whilst chymotrypsin and trypsin are especially useful in peptide sequence analysis, they also have medicinal applications. Their ability to hydrolyse proteins makes them valuable for wound and ulcer cleansing (trypsin) or during cataract removal (chymotrypsin). 

Sucrose octasulfate (23, Structures 6) bound to FGF and was able to induce, like heparin, a conformational change in the peptide, but showed very low mitogenic activity for an F32 cell line. The basic aluminium salt of sucrose octasulfate, which is used as a drug (Sucralfate, Carafate) for the treatment of duodenal ulcers was claimed to exert part of its activity through the stabilization of FGF... 

N.A. Fixed oil, insulin-like peptide, mormordin, charantin, mormordicine." Treat diabetes, ulcers, urinary stones, a stomach tonic, induces menstruation. 

Helicobacter pylori, which is associated with stomach ulcers, forms a 38-residue antibiotic that may help protect infected persons from other bacteria.116 This peptide forms a simple two-helix structure and is one of a large number of simple helical antimicrobial polypeptides 40 residues or less in length. Among them... 

EGF has a sequence of 1208 amino acids divided into seven domains, the largest being a glycosylated peptide of 53 amino acids. The secondary structure is characterized by the presence of two anti-parallel p-sheets and three disulfide bonds, which confer stability to the molecule. This protein is indicated for the treatment of wounds and skin ulcers. 

Itoh M, Matsuo Y (1994) Gastric ulcer treatment with intravenous human epidermal growth factor a double-blind controlled clinical study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 9 78-83 Junginger HE (1990) Bioadhesive polymer systems for peptide delivery. Acta Pharm Technol 36 110-126... 

Secretin inhibits postprandial gastrin release (thus decreasing gastric acid secretion) and increases pancreatic exocrine secretion (e.g. of bicarbonate). The secretin receptor (like the GLP-1 receptor and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor) acts via Gas and cAMP elevation. A plant agonist for the secretin receptor has been isolated from the Thai anti-ulcer plant Croton sublyratus (plau-loi) (Table 5.8). 

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