Care, parental

Linville, S. U., Breitwisch, R., and Schilling, A. J. 1998. Plumage brightness as an indicator of parental care in northern cardinals. Anim. Behav. 55 119-127. 

A glucocorticoid-resistance model has been proposed to provide an explanation for how stress might influence diseases in which excessive inflammation is observed (e.g., allergies, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular disease). In these cases, chronic stress diminishes the immune system s sensitivity to glucocorticoids that normally terminate the inflammatory response. For example, in a study of a group of 50 parents caring for a child undergoing treatment for pediatric cancer, whole blood of parents of cancer patients exhibited a lesser dexamethasone-dependent suppression of IL-6 production in vitro compared to parents of medically healthy children.94... 

Patris, B. and Baudoin, C. (2000) A comparative study of parental care between two rodent species implications for the mating system of the mound-building mouse Mus spicilegus. Behav.Processes 51,35-43. 

Gonzalez-Mariscal, G. and Rosenblatt, J.S. (1996) Maternal behavior in rabbits. A historical and multidisciplinary perspective. In J.S. Rosenblatt and C.T. Snowdon (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 25, Parental Care Evolution, Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance. Academic Press, New York, pp. 333-360. 

Alexander, R. D. Noonan, K. M. 1979. Concealment of ovulation, parental care, and human social evolution. In Evolutionary biology and human social organization (Ed. by N. A. Chagnon W. G. Irons), pp. 436-453. Duxbury North Scituate. 

In nonhuman primates, including humans, research which directly examines the hormonal regulation of parental care is virtually nonexistent (Rosenblatt, 1995 Corter and Fleming, 1995). However, behavioral observations of pregnant rhesus monkeys have indicated that primiparous (first-time) mothers may not show reliable increases in parental... 

Altmann, J. 1987. Life span aspects of reproduction and parental care in anthropoid primates. In J. B. Lancaster, J. Altmann, A. S. Rossi, L. R. Sherrod (Eds.). Parenting across the life span. New York Aldine deGruyter. pp. 15-29. 

Traditional explanations of the pregnancy block have included insurance of parental care, male competition, protection against infanticide, and promotion of outbreeding. Keverne and Rosser (1986) called such explanations a blinkered view of evolution. ... 

Gubernick, D. J. and Klopfer, P. H. (1980). Parental Care in Mammals. New York Plenum. 

The likelihood that drug routines would prevail over childcare routines was apt to result in unpredictable mealtimes, bedtimes, erratic school attendance and a general lack of supervision and parental care ... 

In mother-infant dyadic relationships, amphetamine eliminated the eye contact, the specific gaze that is an important cue for contact in these animals. In addition, the parental care behavior pattern was disrupted. 

Faced with the formidable difficulties of estimating fitness, evolutionary biologists have turned to estimates of the life-history parameters that collectively determine fitness. Fortunately, these are easier to measure than fitness. For example, in the simple case of a stable population without parental care, fitness is the product of survival to age x (/x) times the rate of reproduction at age x (mx), integrated over the whole lifespan. A convenient approximation is the sum of survival and reproduction over a discrete series of ages. Then fitness of genotype i follows from the expected number of offspring, W, an individual has during its lifetime as ... 

One way to think about a child s growth is as a gathering of responsibility from a state of dependence (the infant totally reliant on parental care) to a state of independence (the young adult able to assume full self-support). For the parent and the only child, who are so closely wed to their relationship, the hard question about the child assuming more individual responsibility is this To what degree does each party really want independence of each other ... 

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