Emphysema disease

Emphysema Disease of the lung characterized by abnormal dilution of its air spaces and distension of its walls. Hrcquently, heart action is impaired (Chapter 7). 

Epidemiological studies of nickel-producing and nickel-using workers seldom indicate excess mortaUty from nonmalignant respiratory disease. Evidence for such effects exists mainly as a few reports of isolated incidents of asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema in nickel workers. Nickel may or may not play a causal role in these incidents (131). 

PA S1 S01.131 Neutrophil elastase Drug target for emphysema, cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases... 

High concns of aluminum oxide dust can cause various types of lung damage such as Shaver s disease, fibrosis, emphysema and pneumothorax Refs 1) Gmelin, Syst Nr 35, Ted B (1934),... 

Chap. 31), and during lactation. Levodopa is used cautiously in patients with cardiovascular disease, bronchial asthma, emphysema, peptic ulcer disease, renal or hepatic disease and psychosis. Levodopa and combination antiparkinsonism drugs (eg, carbidopa/levodopa) are classified as Pregnancy Category C and are used with caution during pregnancy and lactation. 

Other disorders of the lower respiratory tract include emphysema (lung disorder in which the terminal bronchioles or alveoli become enlarged and plugged with mucus) and chronic bronchitis (chronic inflammation and possibly infection of die bronchi). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is die name given collectively to emphysema and chronic bronchitis because die obstruction to die airflow is present most of the time. Asdima diat is persistent and present for most of die time may also be referred to as COPD. 

Sympathomimetics (drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system) are used primarily to treat reversible airway obstruction caused by bronchospasm associated with acute and chronic bronchial asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasm, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis (abnormal condition of the bronchial tree), or other obstructive pulmonary diseases. 

The mucolytic acetylcysteine may be used as part of the treatment of bronchopulmonary diseases such as emphysema It is primarily given by nebulization but also may be directiy instilled into a tracheostomy to liquefy (thin) secretions. The mucolytic drugs are effective as adjunctive therapy in chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, such as chronic emphysema, emphysema with... 

In the past number of years a number of studies have shown that in a variety of diseases there is a significant oxidation of Met residues to Met(O) in specific proteins that results in a loss of biological activity. These diseases include cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, adult respiratory distress syndrome and emphysema. The most convincing evidence that Met(O) in proteins may be involved in the etiology of a pathological condition comes from studies with a-l-PI. It is well accepted that a-l-PI is inactivated upon oxidation of its Met residues. A decreased activity of a-l-PI in lung tissue that would result in an increased elastase activity has been associated with pulmonary emphysema. In patients who have a... 

Deletions in the elastin gene (located at 7qll.23) have been found in approximately 90% of subjects with Williams syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting connective tissue and the central nervous system. The mutations, by affecting synthesis of elastin, probably play a causative role in the supravalvular aortic stenosis often found in this condition. A number of skin diseases (eg, scleroderma) are associated with accumulation of elastin. Fragmentation or, alternatively, a decrease of elastin is found in conditions such as pulmonary emphysema, cutis laxa, and aging of the skin. 

Deficiency of -Antiproteinase (tti-Antitrypsin) Is Associated With Emphysema One Type of Liver Disease... 

True. Tobacco smoke is considered in most countries to be the most common cause of lung diseases such as cancer and emphysema. 

The combustion products from sulfur Impurities In coal are particularly damaging to the environment. In humans, prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide diminishes lung capacity and aggravates respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Concentrations as low as 0.15 ppm can incapacitate persons with these diseases, and at about 5 ppm everyone experiences breathing difficulties. In 1952 a particularly serious episode of SO2 pollution In London caused approximately 4000 deaths over several days. 

Phagocyte-derived ROMs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of pulmonary diseases, including emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and various environmental diseases such as asbestos-related fibrosis and cancer (Mossman and Marsh, 1985). The relatively high oxygen tension in pulmonary tissue renders the lung prone to oxidative stress (Edwards and Lloyd, 1988). 

A substance known as elastase is involved in various inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, pulmonary emphysema, and pancreatitis. Elastase activity can be inhibited by a compound known as elasnin, obtained from a microorganism. 

Human leukocyte elastase is a protease that degrades elastin and other connective tissue components. It is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema and other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and cystic fibrosis. Porcine pancreatic elastase has often been used as a model for HLE. Both enzymes have a small primary binding site Si. 

Father with emphysema and lung cancer. There is no family history of type 2 diabetes or heart disease... 

It is critical to differentiate acute and chronic respiratory acidosis, as the acute form is often a medical emergency that requires intubation and mechanical ventilation, whereas the chronic form is typically a stable condition. The blood gases in Case Study 2 came from a patient with advanced emphysema who is a "C02 retainer" due to ineffective ventilation. Because this patient s disease is chronic, the elevated PaC02 developed very slowly and allowed for metabolic compensation. 

Improvement in symptoms should occur within 48 to 72 hours after initiation of therapy for most patients with CAP. Response to therapy could be slowed in patients with underlying pulmonary disease such as moderate to severe asthma, COPD, or emphysema. In patients not responding to therapy with no underlying factors that would suggest a slowed response to therapy, then other infectious and noninfectious reasons must be considered. The infection could be caused by a pathogen not covered by the initial therapy, a drug-resistant isolate could be present, or more severe infection could be present (nonpulmonary), and the patient should be... 

Cor pulmonale Right-sided heart failure, usually due to structural lung disease (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis or emphysema). 

Like ketoacidosis, respiratory acidosis can also upset the acid-base balance in the body. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove enough carbon dioxide from the body. This may be due to severe lung diseases such as chronic asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis, or it could be caused by mechanical restrictions to the emptying of the lung due to scoliosis (curvature of the spine) or severe obesity. 

Damage to connective caused by leakage of elastases leads to damage associated with inflammatory diseases, such as pulmonary emphysema, adult respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, cystic fibrosis, carcinogenesis, chronic bronchitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Compounds that directly inhibit elastase or its release from human neutrophils are of enormous pharmaceutical and cosmetological interest in the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs. A possible source for elastase inhibitors are the medicinal Asteraceae and Droseraceae, particularly those used as traditional medicine in Asia. 

The conformational plasticity supported by mobile regions within native proteins, partially denatured protein states such as molten globules, and natively unfolded proteins underlies many of the conformational (protein misfolding) diseases (Carrell and Lomas, 1997 Dobson et al., 2001). Many of these diseases involve amyloid fibril formation, as in amyloidosis from mutant human lysozymes, neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson s and Alzheimer s due to the hbrillogenic propensities of a -synuclein and tau, and the prion encephalopathies such as scrapie, BSE, and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) where amyloid fibril formation is triggered by exposure to the amyloid form of the prion protein. In addition, aggregation of serine protease inhibitors such as a j-antitrypsin is responsible for diseases such as emphysema and cirrhosis. 

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, reduced lung capacity, and increased incidence of deaths from respiratory disease among workers occupationally exposed... 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually both progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases. The most common conditions comprising COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 

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