Tissues serum

Cariou R, Antignac JP, Zalko D, Berrebi A, Cravedi JP, Maume D, Marchand P, Monteau F, Riu A, Andre E, Le bizec B (2008) Exposure assessment of French women and their newborns to tetrabromobisphenol-A occurrence measurements in maternal adipose tissue, serum, breast milk and cord serum. Chemosphere 73 1036-1041... 

The synthesis and catabolism of Neu5Ac and its derivatives seem to be rigidly controlled, as may be delineated from the low concentrations of sialic acid observed in tissues, serum, and urine (see Section H). 

One of the major applications of recombinant DNA technology has been to produce large amounts of commercially relevant proteins, including enzymes, receptors, and peptide messengers of various sorts. The sequences of these proteins, at least in the initial stages of investigation and production, have been those found in nature, so that the structure and function of the protein products of cloning would be the same as those of natural proteins extracted from tissue, serum, and so forth. 

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. PBDEs also accumulate in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk of the general population due to their lipophilic characteristics. Concentrations of PBDEs in breast milk are useful, non-invasive markers of maternal body burdens and of in utero and lactational exposures, but body burden assessments are limited by a lack of time-trend data for PBDEs in tlie milk of U.S. populations (Hooper and McDonald 2000). Breast milk monitoring programs are needed to provide time-trend data and to verify findings that PBDE levels have been exponentially increasing in breast milk during the past 25 years (Noren and Meironyte 1998, 2000). Studies on the predictive value of levels of PBDEs in scrum and adipose tissue could provide useful infonnation for detection and monitoring of exposure. 

Patterson DG Jr, Turner WE, Isaacs SG, et al. 1990. A method performance evaluation and lessons learned after analyzing more than 5,000 human adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk samples for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Chemosphere 20 829-863. 

The biomedical and medical sciences have increasingly demonstrated that human health and disease are strictly related to molecular processes (Engel, 1977). Each change at the molecular or cellular level is reflected in an alteration of a certain compound in a biological matrix such as tissue, serum, or urine (Spiro, 1975). Consequently, the exact quantitative determination of these components is of the highest diagnostic value (Boutwell, 1975). 

Ovarian cancer patients with progressed disease often present with ascites/ peritoneal fluid. In some women, ovarian cysts are detected containing cystic fluid. The concentrations of suPAR in these body fluids were compared with those in serum made from peripheral blood and blood aspirated from the surface veins on the tumor in 77 patients admitted for surgery of ovarian tumors [21]. In this study, elevated levels of suPAR were measured in serum from peripheral blood and tumor blood in the patients with more advanced disease. However, the concentrations of suPAR in the body fluids were quite different, in serum the measured concentrations were between 46 and 98 pmol/liter, in ascites/peritoneal fluid concentrations were between 293 and 586 pmol/liter, and in cystic fluids the concentrations were even higher, that is 651-8468 pmol/liter. The concentrations of suPAR in cystic fluids clearly separated benign and malignant cysts with predictive values above 90%. The levels of suPAR in cystic fluids could therefore be used in the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer patients. The suPAR in the cystic fluids was present both in intact and cleaved forms and at least some of the suPAR(I-III) was not occupied by uPA [21]. In another study, tumor tissue, serum, ascites, and urine from ovarian cancer patients were analyzed for their content of the different uPAR forms. Whereas all of tumor lysates, ascites, and urine contained uPAR(I-III) and uPAR(II-III), domain I was only present in urine samples. In serum, only intact suPAR was detected [82], The antibodies used for identification were mAb R3 (domain I) and mAb R2 (domain III). 

PCBs are industrial compounds which were widely used as organic diluents, plasticizers, pesticide extenders, adhesives, dust-reducing agents, cutting oils, flame retardants, heat transfer fluids, dielectric fluids for transformers and capacitors, hydraulic lubricants, sealants and in carbonless copy paper. PCBs have entered the environment via multiple pathways and residues of these compounds have been identified in air, water, wildlife and human adipose tissue, serum and milk.89-91 Like many other aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs are highly lipophilic and chemically stable and this has contributed to their environmental persistence and bioconcentration in the food chain. PCBs were originally... 

Shirley, J.F., Emery, R.S., Convey, E.M., Oxender, W.D. 1973. Enzymic changes in bovine adipose and mammary tissue, serum and mammary tissue hormonal changes with initiation of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 56, 569-574. 

Distribution Erythromycin distributes well to all body fluids except the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is one of the few antibiotics that diffuses into prostatic fluid and has the unique characteristic of accumulating in macrophages. It concentrates in the liver. Inflammation allows for greater tissue penetration. Similarly, clarithromycin and azithromycin are widely distributed in tissues. Serum levels of azithromycin are low the drug is concentrated in neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts. 

Macrolides are lipophilic and accumulate within certain cells and tissues at concentrations that exceed serum levels many-fold, resulting in large volumes of distribution. However, high tissue/serum ratios alone do not guarantee intracellular bioavailability or antimicrobial activity [235], High... 

Animal tissues, serum, urine, and tablets Kava roots, serum Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Artemisia annua L., grape and tomato skins, Korean orange peels Serum... 

Information on the distribution of strontium in soft tissue is extremely limited. In rats that were exposed to 3. 4 mg strontium/L (as SrCl2) in drinking water for 3 months, the serum concentration of strontium was 8.7 mg/L and tissue serum strontium concentration ratios (based on the latter mean serum concentration) were as follows liver, 0.7 heart, 1.2 muscle, 1.1 adrenal, 1.3 brain, 1.2 and bone, 1,300 (Skoryna 198 lb). Strontiumxalcium ratios in these tissues were approximately 0.05-0.1. Tissue plasma strontium concentration ratios in rats 1-5 hours after they received an intraperitoneal injection of strontium revealed ratios <1 in the fat, spleen, liver, ovary, testis, skeletal muscle, and heart and values of 1.2-1.7 in the lung, small intestine, salivary gland, kidney, and skin (Brues et al. 1969). Tissue plasma concentration ratios of... 

After absorption, theophylline quickly reaches equilibrium with peripheral tissues, except for fat tissues. Serum concentrations follow an open mamillary two-compart-ment pharmacokinetic model after intravenous administration. Because the early distribution phase is complete within 35 to 45 min, however, theophylline serum concentration profiles are adequately characterized by a one-compartment model when given orally. 

The need for proper interpretation of the high tissue/serum ratios of macrolides and their clinical relevance have been recently reviewed [257-259]. Numerous studies have been published demonstrating intracellular uptake of macrolides. This phenomenon helps to explain their antimicrobial activity against many pathogens which reside in an intracellular environment, such as species of Legionella, Chlamydia, Salmonella, staphylococci, and mycobacteria. If the compound is bioavailable, high tissue concentrations of antibiotic would permit better eradication of infections localized within that tissue. 

Mims et al. 1973 Yes (< day 1 pi by plaque Brain tissue, serum, muscle/ Monocyte infiltration associated with "cortical... 

Experimental and Clinical Studies on the Catechol Amine Metabolism. I. Determination of Catechol Amines in Tissues, Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid by Gas Chromatography Using an ECD [Electron Capture Detector]... 

Folate, bound to protein, is transported in the blood to the liver. There it is methylated and carried to the bone marrow cells, the maturing red blood cells, and perhaps to other cells. Methyl-folate seems to be the chief form of the vitamin in body tissues. Serum levels of folacin range from 7 to 16 nanograms per milliliter of serum. The total body stores of folate normally range between 5 and 12 mg, about half of which is in the liver. The measurement of folacin levels in both blood serum and red blood cells is the procedure used to evaluate folacin nutriture in human beings. 

Rukkwamsuk, T, M. J.H. Geelen, T. A.M. Kruip, and T. Wensing, 2000. Interrelation of fatty acid composition in adipose tissue, serum, and liver of dairy cows during the development of fatty liver post partum. J. Dairy Sci. 83, 52-59. 

---