Inexpensive binders

Dextrose, obtained from starch, is the raw material for sorbitol and other sugar alcohols and polyols. Isolated starch (usually from corn) can be chemical modified and is used in large amounts as an inexpensive binder in the textile and paper industry. Chemically modified starch can be used as super-absorbers or in polymer manufacturing. 

The main alternate use for SBR polymers is in adhesive applications. Also, special styrene butadiene resins are used as inexpensive binders in the paints and coatings industry. 

Liquids. Liquids (33) are common forming additives in plastic, paste, and slurry processing. In plastic forming operations, the Hquid aids forming and serves as the binder/plasticizer for the system. In pastes and slurries, other additives are also dissolved or dispersed in the Hquid/solvent. Water is a good, inexpensive solvent that can be recycled. Organic Hquids such as alcohols are used to process water-sensitive materials and to dissolve water-insoluble forming additives, however, at considerably more expense. 

In addition to supplying transportation fuels and chemicals, products from coal liquefaction and extraction have been used m the past as pitches for binders and feedstocks for cokes [12]. Indeed, the majority of organic chemicals and carbonaceous materials prior to World War II were based on coal technologies. Unfortunately, this technology was supplanted when inexpensive petroleum became available dunng the 1940s. Nevertheless, despite a steady decline of coal use for non-combustion purposes over the past several decades, coal tars still remain an important commodity in North America. 

Over the years, 18-crown-6 has probably been utilized in more applications than any other erown with the possible exception of dibenzo-18-crown-6. There are several reasons for this. First, simple syntheses of 18-crown-6 have been available for a long time and the molecule may be prepared from very inexpensive starting materials. Equally important, however, is the fact that 18-crown-6 is a very strong binder for a number of alkali metals, especially sodium and potassium cations. 

The advent of a new class of materials systems based on nanoscale particles dispersed or suspended in carrier and/or binders has captured the attention of the microelectronics technical community. These materials provide the opportunity to use inexpensive solution processing equipment versus expensive vacuum deposition equipment commonly used in the microelectronics manufacturing industry. Experts in the microelectronics industry have suggested that over the course of the next live years, the industry will experience a paradigm shift in manufacturing and, more importantly, will enjoy revenue streams created from never-before-seen products based on printed electronics. 

Gil son it e or Uintoite. A black, brittle, lustrous, bituminous, mineral consisting of solidified hydrocarbons. Found only in the US, namely in, Utah and Colorado. Its sp gr is 1.05 to 1.10 (77°F) hardness (Mohs scale) 2 penetration 0 (77°F) fusing point (B R) 270-370°F. Behavior on heating in flame — softens and flows. It is soluble in carbon disulfide and mixes well with the fatty acid pitches in all proportions. Its numerous uses are listed in Ref 2, p 535-L Accdg to Ellem (Ref 3, p 98), it is a versatile inexpensive fuel and somewhat of a binder and compaction aid. ... 

Phenolic resins produced by the reaction of phenol and formaldehyde were used as adhesives by Leo Baekeland in the early 1900 s. This inexpensive resin is still used for binding thin sheets of wood to produce plywood. Urea resins produced by the reactions of urea and formaldehyde have been used since 1930 as binders for wood chips in particleboard. 

Nitro-l,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) [Structure (2.49)] or oxynitrotriazole (ONTA)has been reported as another IHE coupled with better performance [152-157]. Almost all aspects of NTO-synthesis, structural aspects, chemical and explosive properties including thermal behavior have been investigated [158-161]. NTO exists in two polymorphic forms, that is, -form and P-form. It has been established that a-NTO is the stable and dominating form whereas P-NTO is only found in the product on recrystallization of NTO from a methanol or ethanol/methylene chloride mixture [162]. French researchers have recently reported its evaluation as an explosive for warhead filling without a binder and also as a PBX [155]. Further, synthesis of NTO is easy consisting of only two steps (Scheme 2.9) and uses inexpensive starting materials. 

The Shell papents broadly cover a bituminous paving composition in which the aggregate is coated with bituminous binder and the excess undissolved sulfur acts as a filler in the void spaces between the aggregate. The process is particularly adaptable for use with inexpensive, ungraded sands which are not suitable for use as an aggregate in a conventional hot mix asphalt concrete this mix class has often been called sulfur-asphalt-sand (SAS), but Shell s product is currently tradenamed THERMOPAVE. 

Zr (70%), 10-30 mfi A1 spheres (10%), some abrasive and an organic binder. The Company claims that QAZ provides an inexpensive low density liner for certain types of shaped charges. The jet formed by Zr and Hf is comparable with that formed by Cu liners, but has the added property of being chemically reactive with certain types of non-metallic targets, resulting in the release of additional, free , energy... 

Calcium carbonate (also called whiting). Calcium carbonate is inexpensive, has a low binder demand, and is not colored, but is add sensitive. 

Advantages of TLC include very inexpensive equipment and reagents, fairly rapid separations, a wide variety of separating media and visualizing chemicals, and use of solvents and mobile phase modifiers, such as ammonia, not applicable to column separations. Disadvantages include poor resolving power and difficulty in quantitative recovery of separated compounds from the media and binder. 

Submit the original and one photocopy of the application in separate binders or report covers to the Office of OPD. The photocopy needs to be an exact duplicate of the original application. If there is a cover letter with the original, there needs to be a copy of the cover letter with the duplicate. Also, no correspondence should arrive loose, or out of the binder or report cover. An example of a useful type of report cover is the ACCO 25973 with metal fasteners.They are inexpensive and readily available, plus they fit in standard filing cabinets nicely. It helps to label the front of each report cover or binder with the name of the sponsor, drug/biological, indication, and date of application. 

Peanut Butter Clyde likes to push the button on the fresh organic peanut butter grinder in our local grocery store. In natural peanut butter like this, the oils separate and can cause uneven results in baking. For that reason I prefer to use a blended peanut butter such as Whole Kids from Whole Foods. Because it contains organic binders, the oil and peanut butter won t separate, keeping it smooth, creamy, and perfect for recipes. Whole Kids peanut butter is organic and inexpensive. 

The studies illustrate that the two sulfur-asphalt systems are complementary. The primary objective for using the sulfur-extended binder system is to use sulfur as a diluent to conserve asphalt used in conventional hot mixes. No asphalt saving is realized using Thermopave. The unique features of this process are that it permits the manufacture of high-quality paving materials using inexpensive, poorly graded sands and yields pourable mixes, similar to cement concrete. 

In most applications, a small amount of binder powders is mixed with a large volume of inexpensive hllers and then the entire mixture is stirred in water to form the reaction slurry. For example, if the phosphate binders are used for manufacturing construction products, invariably the hllers are sand, gravel, ash, soil, or some mineral waste. The phosphate binders provide adhesion between the particles of these hllers and bind them into a solid object. Thus, these mixtures mimic conventional concrete mixmres in which Portland cement binder is mixed with large volume of sand and gravel to produce cement concrete. When phosphate binders are used, the products may be termed as phosphate concrete . In waste stabilization, the waste itself becomes the hller and the hnal product is termed as a waste form . 

Small organic molecules doped into polymer binders have also been employed in DEED devices. Coating is done using inexpensive solution techniques. A commonly used polymer is polyvinylcarbazole [50-52], which is a hole transport material with moderate mobility. Polysilanes have also been used as hole transport agents [53]. Common laser dyes may be employed as the emissive molecular dopant, for example coumarins [50, 51], rhodamines [50] or pyrans [51, 53]. Similar considerations of energetics and concentration apply to doped polymers as to small molecule dopant-host systems the dopant should provide the lowest energy site for the exciton and concentration quenching should be minimized. 

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