Coal technologies

US. Department of Uner Clean Coal Technology Program Update 1991, publication DOE/FE-0247P, U.S. Dept, of Energy, Washington, D.C. 

Coal is expected to be the best domestic feedstock alternative to natural gas. Although coal-based ammonia plants have been built elsewhere, there is no such plant in the United States. Pilot-scale projects have demonstrated effective ammonia-from-coal technology (102). The cost of ammonia production can be anticipated to increase, lea ding to increases in the cost of producing nitrogen fertilizers. 

A. Kasem, Three Clean Fuels from Coal Technology and Economics, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1979. 

In the United States the Clean Coal Technology program was created to develop and demonstrate the technology needed to use coal in a more environmentally acceptable manner. Activities range from basic research and estabUshing integrated operation of new processes in pilot plants through demonstration with commercial-scale equipment. 

C. R. Ward, Coal Geology and Coal Technology, Blackwell Scientific PubHcations, Victoria, AustraUa, 1984. 

Plants for Coal Technology RJjeinbraun JJTW Process, Uhde brochure Ro 1 5 19 2000 81, Dortmund, West Germany, 1981. 

H. Teggers and co-workers, "Latest Status of the Rheiubraun High-Temperature Winkler (HTW) Process," paper presented at the Fourth Jntemational Coal Etilisyation Exhibition and Conference, Coal Technology 81, Houston, Tex., Nov. 1981. 

Eastman Chemical Company has operated a coal-to-methanol plant in Kingsport, Tennessee, since 1983. Two Texaco gasifiers (one is a backup) process 34 Mg/h (37 US ton/h) of coal to synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is converted to methanol by use of ICl methanol technology. Methanol is an intermediate for producing methyl acetate and acetic acid. The plant produces about 225 Gg/a (250,000 US ton/a) of acetic anhydride. As part of the DOE Clean Coal Technology Program, Air Products and Cnemicals, Inc., and Eastman Chemic Company are constructing a 9.8-Mg/h (260-US ton/d) slurry-phase reactor for the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol and dimethyl... 

Nationwide, plants that emit SO2 at a rate below 1.2 Ibs/mm Btu will be able to increase emissions by 20% between a baseline year and 2000. Bonus allowances will be distributed to accommodate growth by units in states with a statewide average below 0.8 Ibs/mm Btu. Plants experiencing increases in their utilization in the last five years also receive bonus allowances, 50,000 bonus allowances per year are allocated to plants in 10 mid western states that make reductions in Phase I. Plants that repower with a qualifying clean coal technology may receive a 4 year extension of the compliance date for Phase II emission limitations. 

In addition to supplying transportation fuels and chemicals, products from coal liquefaction and extraction have been used m the past as pitches for binders and feedstocks for cokes [12]. Indeed, the majority of organic chemicals and carbonaceous materials prior to World War II were based on coal technologies. Unfortunately, this technology was supplanted when inexpensive petroleum became available dunng the 1940s. Nevertheless, despite a steady decline of coal use for non-combustion purposes over the past several decades, coal tars still remain an important commodity in North America. 

A Planner s Guide for Selecting Clean Coal Technologies for Power Plants, Technical Paper No. 387. Washington The World Bank, 1997. 

Interfacial Phenomena in Coal Technology, edited by Gregory D. Botsaris and Yuli M. Glazman... 

Clean Coal Technology Conipendiuin. (1999). Los Alamos, NM Los Alamos National Laboratoiy. . 

Clean Coal Technology Program. (2000). Washington, DC U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. . 

Electric Power Research Institute. (1999). "Coal Technologies for a New Age. EPRI Journal (Sunimer) 6. 

Squires, A. M., Applications of Fluidized Beds in Coal Technology, lecture, Intern. School on Heat and Mass Transfer Problems in Future Energy Production, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia (1975a)... 

For each ton of hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons, approximately 2.5 t of carbon is vented to the atmosphere [44-47], However, for each ton of hydrogen produced from current coal technology, approximately 5 t of carbon is emitted to the atmosphere. Principally, C02 capture and sequestration is a precondition for use of these fossil fuels. However, the sequestration necessity varies, because the relative atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratios are 1 2 4 for coal oil natural gas. There are two basic approaches to C02 sequestration either at the point of emission (in situ capture) or from the air (direct capture). In either case, C02 must be disposed off safely and permanently. With the capture and sequestration of C02, hydrogen is one path for coal, oil, and natural gas to remain viable energy resources [46]. Carbon sequestration technologies are discussed in detail in Chapter 17. 

Source Adapted from Qianlin, Z., GE Gasification, the best available Clean Coal Technology, International Forum on Cl Chemical Industry and Clean Coal Technology, Jun. 13-17, Shihezi, China, 2005. 

Eiki S., The Status of the EAGLE Project, Advanced Clean Coal Technology International Symposium 2006, Sep. 5, Tokyo, Japan, 2006. 

Hans-Joachim Z. and Klaus S.L., Overview of the ZECA (Zero Emission Coal Alliance) Technology, 4th Advanced Clean Coal Technology Int. Symposium, Jan. 29-30, Tokyo, Japan, 2001. 

Chatel-Pelage, F. et al., Applications of oxygen for NO, control and C02 capture in coal-fired power plants, Second International Conference on Clean Coal Technologies for our Future, Sardinia, May 10-12,2005. 

R. Vielvoye, in Coal Technology for Britains Future, p. 18. Macmillan London Ltd., London, 1976. 

Tavoulareas, E. S., and Charpentier, J. P, Clean Coal Technologies for Developing Countries. World Bank Technical Paper Number 286. 

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