Mineral waste

Under Part 1 of EPA 90, an IPC system eontrols emissions to air, land and water for the most polluting industrial and similar proeesses. All operators of preseribed proeesses, e.g. fuel and power, minerals, waste disposal and ehemieal, require prior authorization. They are required to use BATNEEC, the Best Available Teehnology Not Entailing Exeessive Cost ... 

A stoichiometric amount of promoter, at least, is required for the reaction to proceed, leading to an environmentally hostile process with gaseous effluents and mineral wastes. With some metal salts, however, an increase in reaction temperature sets them free from their complex with the ketone, and a true catalytic reaction becomes possible [73] this is observed for iron(III) chloride [74] and some metal tri-flates [72, 75], including their use under the action of MW heating [76]. 

Saylak, D., Gallaway, . M., and Epps, J. A., "Recycling Old Asphalt Concrete Pavements", Proceedings of the 5th Mineral Waste Utilization Symposium, Chicago, 111., 13-14 April, 1976,... 

The main industrial route to aromatic ketones is via the Friedel-Crafts acylation, nowadays classified as an environmentally hostile process with gaseous effluents and mineral wastes. Typically catalyzed by the Lewis acid A1C13, this is a self-blocking... 

The ability of mineralized soil to control the migration of aluminum was observed in another study. Acidic leachate from coal waste containing aluminum was percolated through soil containing varying amounts of calcium carbonate (Wangen and Jones 1984). Soluble aluminum was found to decrease dramatically as the pH of the percolating leachate increased and aluminum oxide precipitates formed at pH 6, no dissolved aluminum was measured. The authors concluded that alkalinized carbonaceous soils provide the best control material for acidic leachates from coal mineral wastes. 

Wangen LE, Jones MM. 1984. The attenuation of chemical elements in acidic leachates from coal mineral wastes by soils. Environ Geol Water Sci 6 161-170. 

In most applications, a small amount of binder powders is mixed with a large volume of inexpensive hllers and then the entire mixture is stirred in water to form the reaction slurry. For example, if the phosphate binders are used for manufacturing construction products, invariably the hllers are sand, gravel, ash, soil, or some mineral waste. The phosphate binders provide adhesion between the particles of these hllers and bind them into a solid object. Thus, these mixtures mimic conventional concrete mixmres in which Portland cement binder is mixed with large volume of sand and gravel to produce cement concrete. When phosphate binders are used, the products may be termed as phosphate concrete . In waste stabilization, the waste itself becomes the hller and the hnal product is termed as a waste form . 

In spite of this limitation, the method is very useful, because it provides a means of forming a ceramic of one of the most common and inexpensive oxides. As discussed before, iron oxide is a component of lateritic soils and red mud, high-volume iron mine tailings, and machining swarfs. Thus, useful products of several mineral waste streams can be formed by the process described in this chapter. Development of ceramics using red mud and swarfs is discussed in Chapter 14. 

CBPC matrix composites can incorporate a high volume of industrial waste streams such as fly ash, mineral waste such as iron taUings and Bayer process residue from the aluminum industry (red mud), machining swarfs from the automobile industry, and forest product waste such as saw dust and wood chips. Table 14.1 lists some of these waste streams and potential products or applications. 

The source of the problem, highly contamined acid drainages from disposal of mineral wastes from coal extraction, has been thoroughly documented. Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the mineralogy, trace element content, and leaching concentrations of the trace elements for a typical coal waste derived from mining high-sulfur Appalachian coal in western Pennsylvania. 

The limedimestone treatment control technology for the high-sulfur mineral wastes, if combined with a disposal methodology designed to prevent intrusion of air and water, is potentially a permanent and benign disposal scenario. 

Alter, H. and J. Arnold, "Preparation of Densified Refuse-Derived Fuel on a Pilot Scale," in Proceedings, Sixth Mineral Waste Utilization Symp., E. Aleshin, Ed., U.S. Bu. Mines and IIT Res. Inst., Chicago, 1978, pp. 171-7. 

Induration Shaft furnace Iron ores, other ores, minerals, waste... 

Corey, R. C., "Pyrolysis, Hydrogenation and Incineration of Municipal Refuse", Proceedings of the second Mineral Waste Utilization Symposium, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, March 1970... 

Dickey Report, quotation from p. 7. In the terminology of the time, mineral wastes included organic chemicals not derived from living organisms for example, the report on p. 74 refers to organic minerals such as phenols. ... 

Fine-Sized Mineral Wastes, Bureau of Mines RI 7896, 26 pp, 1974. 

BojiNOVADYandVELKOVARG (2001) Bioleaching of metals from mineral waste product. Acta Bio-technol 21 275-282. 

A stoichiometric amount of promoter, at least, is required for the reaction to proceed, leading to an environmentally hostile process with gaseous effluents and mineral wastes. With some metal salts, however, an increase in reaction tempera-... 

Pettibone HC, Dan KC (1972) Engineering properties and utilization examples of mine tailings. Proc 3rd Mineral Waste Utilization Symp, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, p 325... 

Feasby DG (1975) Mineral wastes as railroad ballast. Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, National Mineral Research Program, Mineral Sciences Laboratories Report MRP/MSL 75-76 (OP), Ottawa, Canada, p 325... 

The Siempelkamp thermal regeneration unit in Krefeld has the ability to treat foundry dust along with the waste sand. Tests have been run on other mineral waste types as well. 

Legislation stimulating the recycling of mineral wastes, partly by setting high disposal fees to reduce the amount of residues for disposal. 

Some of the other early symposia included Smelter Smoke (1910), Mineral Wastes (1911), Wood Wastes and Conservation (1915), Occupational Diseases (1916), Nitrogen Industry (1916), Metallurgy (1917), Potash (1918), and Refractories (1919). In addition, several less technically oriented symposia were held on Contributions of the Chemist to American Industries (1915), Industrial Chemists in Wartime (1917), Library Service in Industrial Laboratories (1919), Future of Certain American-Made Chemicals (1919), and Annual Patent Renewal Fees (1919). 

Cover (or cap) system One or more layers of material, such as soils, suitable mineral wastes, and geosynthetics, constructed on the surface of a site or waste impoundment and designed to control egress of contaminants from and infiltration of precipitation into a source of contamination. 

His most famous monograph De re metallica (1556) described miners diseases of the lungs as well as of the eyes and the ulcerative effects of ura-ninite down to the bones. Dry pits are more harmful to the miners, since they allow the dust to penetrate much more easily into the trachea and the lungs. Pulmonary ulceration made the affected miners waste away. In some Carpathian mining communities there were women who had married seven times. 

The main zeolite species s5mthesised by the molten salt method were dependent on the types of salt mixture and raw material used. They concluded that the molten salt method is a new and alternative approach for the mass treatment of these mineral wastes at low cost, as well as for the improvement of the purity and alkalinity of zeoHtic materials. 

A series of laboratory trials were undertaken to determine the optimum proportions of recycled gypsum and mineral wastes required for a binder paste (i.e. a mixture of cementitious powder and water with no aggregate) to achieve the highest compressive strength. 

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