Biological uses

Dmitrofluorobenzene also serves as an arylation agent for a wide vanety of biologically useful amines including aromatic amines [5b], ammo acids [57], and ammocarbohydrates [55,59] Weak nucleophilic amines such as benzimidazole [60] and fluoroamines [61] can also be arylated (equation 30)... 

Most advances in medicine brought about by chemistry are related to the pharmacological activities of partieular eompounds With perfluorinated liquids, we now have, for the first time, a new class of chemicals that has complete lack of activity as Its mam characteristic of value for biological uses... 

Organohalide(s), 332 biological uses of, 352 naturally occurring, 351-352 number of, 351... 

A new branch of biology using experiments and computation to gain an understanding of biological systems (e.g. a cell), taking into account complex interactions of genes, proteins, and cell elements. 

C20-0026. Describe the features of the transition metals that are exploited in biology. Use an example to illustrate each feature. 

Sulphonic acids are water soluble, viscous liquids. Their acidity is akin to that of sulphuric acid feey form salts with bases but fail to undergo esterification with alcohols. Their properties vary according to the nature of R some are prone to thermal decomposition. They are used as surfactants and in the dye industry some have biological uses. 2-Amino-ethanesulphonic acid is the only naturally occurring sulphonic acid. 

Improved biological use C02 fixation in biomass by growing microalgae and carbonic fertigation. 

In the CENTT S0ST-C02 project that includes the entire life cycle of C02, researching technology uses as chemical and biological uses, the following results were confirmed, among others [18] ... 

Chemical libraries of /3-turn mimetics, among them highly saturated pyrazino[l,2-tf]pyrazines, were synthesized and patented as biologically useful compounds <2001W02001/000210>. Solid-phase syntheses starting from substituted a,/3-unsaturated ester templates provided differently substituted saturated heterocyclic systems, among them saturated 2,4,8-trisubstituted-pyrazino[l,2- ]pyrazine-l,6-diones <2003W02003/013740>. 

Acetyl-CoA as a central intermediate in the metabolism of all carbon compounds can be dissimilated to generate biologically useful energy or assimilated and used for growth and multiplication. But the shortest and quickest way to store this carbon skeleton is synthesis of poly(3HB) via formation of aceto-acetyl-CoA (Fig. 1). Since the enzymes involved in the metabolic route to poly(3HB) are unspecific, the synthesis of other homopolyesters and heteropolyesters is possible. Such analogues are formed if appropriate prefabricated substrates (which merely need to be activated and incorporated) are offered. Compounds of this type are called related substrates. 

Dissimilation, i.e., oxidation (or mineralization) of substrate merely for generation of reducing power and biologically useful energy (Ed dissimila-tory energy) ... 

Poly(3HB) synthesis is coupled with the generation of biologically useful energy, which can be consumed for growth and multiplication... 

Furuta, T., Wang, S. S. H., Dantzker, J. L., Dore, T. M., Bybee, W. J., Callaway, E. M., Denk, W. and Tsien, R. Y. (1999). Brominated 7-hydroxycoumarin-4-ylmethyls Photolabile protecting groups with biologically useful cross-sections for two photon photolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96, 1193-1200. 

The significance of protein oxidation became paramount with the advent of recombinant protein biologies used as human therapeutics. Careful characterization of protein stability is essential to maintaining the efficacy of protein pharmaceuticals. If even a single side chain amino acid residue becomes oxidized, then a protein therapeutic may not have the same activity in vivo as the unmodified protein. 

FIEHN, O., KLOSKA, S., ALTMANN, T., Integrated studies on plant biology using multiparallel techniques, Cur. Opin. Biotech., 2001,12, 82-86. 

Nobuhiro Takahashi and Toshiaki Isobe Proteomic Biology Using LC-MS Large Scale Analysis of Cellular Dynamics and Function... 

Molybdenum co-factor (Moco), 77 33 Molybdenum complexes, 26 927-929, 949 Molybdenum(III) complexes, 17 26-27 Molybdenum compounds, 17 19-43 in advanced structural and heating materials, 17 38-39 in anticorrosion agents, 17 39 biological aspects of, 17 31-34 biological uses for, 17 39-40 biomedical uses for, 17 40 catalytic applications of, 17 38 chemistry of, 17 29-31... 

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