Polymeric Insecticides

Polymeric insecticides containing benzoin- or ethyleneglycol carbamate via hydro-lysable or fight-sensitive spacer groups, or containing chlordimeform bound as a salt 

Cattle can be protected from horn flies with ear tags containing fenvalerate [cyano(3-phen-oxyphenyl)methyl-4-chloro-a-(l-methylethyl)benzene acetate [240]. The use of insecticide-impregnated leg bands is equal in effectiveness to ear tags when used against horn flies [241]. An external device such as ear tags or leg bands appears to be the technique of choice for control of adult horn flies on cattle. 

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This compound was essentially non-toxic to house flies by topical application but showed moderate activity against the green rice leafhopper and brown planthopper as a residual spray. These results raise the possibility of applying derivatization reactions for the synthesis of polymeric insecticidal materials which may act as slow release agents. 

Croduret [Croda Chem. Ltd.] Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil emulsifier, solubilizer, emollient superfatting agent detergent used for cosmetics, pharmaceuricals, textiles, metalwt -ing fluids, emulsion polymerization, insecticides, herbicides, household d -gents. 

Another approach is to attempt to chemically modify the toxicants to yield nontoxic products which are returned to their active state by digestive or metabolic processes. The pesticide trichlotfon, which is toxic to fire ants, is not effective as an agent for control of the species due to its rapid action. Polymeric insecticides of the ester of trichlorfon with PAA have been prepared with hydrolytically unstable covalent linkages [225]. The preparation of polymeric esters of trichlorfon with spacer groups between the insecticide and the polymer backbone 2 have been prepared to eliminate the limited toxicity of the polymeric insecticide 1, which is a reflection of the limited loading and slow hydrolysis of the insecticide due to the steric hindrance of the polymer backbone (Scheme 3.18). 

Uses Cosmetic/essential oil solubilizer, emulsifier, lubricant, softener, leveling agent, emollient, superfatting agent, antistat, softener, detergent used in personal care prods., fiber processing, metalworking fluids, emulsion polymerization, insecticides... 

Lead ll) oxide, PbO, exists in two forms as orange-red litharge and yellow massicot. Made by oxidation of Pb followed by rapid cooling (to avoid formation of Pb304). Used in accumulators and also in ceramics, pigments and insecticides. A normal hydroxide is not known but hydrolysis of lead(II) oxyacid salts gives polymeric cationic species, e.g. [Pb OfOH) ] and plumbates are formed with excess base. 

Up until 1986 the major use for 2-j -butylphenol was in the production of the herbicide, 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol [88-85-7] which was used as a pre- and postemergent herbicide and as a defoHant for potatoes (30). The EPA banned its use in October 1986 based on a European study which showed that workers who came in contact with 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol experienced an abnormally high rate of reproduction problems. Erance and the Netherlands followed with a ban in 1991. A significant volume of 2-j -butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol is used worldwide as a polymerization inhibitor in the production of styrene where it is added to the reboiler of the styrene distillation tower to prevent the formation of polystyrene (31). OSBP is used in the Par East as the carbamate derivative, 2-j -butylphenyl-Ai-methylcarbamate [3766-81-2] (BPMC) (32). BPMC is an insecticide used against leaf hoppers which affect the rice fields. 

Uses. /-Butyl hypochlorite has been found useful in upgrading vegetable oils (273) and in the preparation of a-substituted acryflc acid esters (274) and esters of isoprene halohydrins (275). Numerous patents describe its use in cross-linking of polymers (qv) (276), in surface treatment of mbber (qv) (277), and in odor control of polymer latexes (278). It is used in the preparation of propylene oxide (qv) in high yield with Httle or no by-products (269,279). Fluoroalkyl hypochlorites are useful as insecticides, initiators for polymerizations, and bleaching and chlorinating agents (280). 

Organic synthesis Sulfur mustard (HD) 1.18 Pharmaceuticals Sulfur dyes Insecticides Rubber vulcanization Polymerization catalyst Hardening of soft woods Extraction of gold from ores... 

Used industrially as a solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, polymerization catalyst, insecticide, emulsifying agent, and as a chemical intermediate. 

Uses Chlorinating agent industrial deodorant, disinfectant intermediate for amino acids, drugs and insecticides polymerization catalyst stabilizer for vinyl chloride polymers household laundry bleach water treatment organic synthesis. 

Uses. In the manufacture of rubber antioxidants and monomer inhibitors to stop radical polymerization in dyes, as a photographic developer in formulations for pharmaceuticals, perfumes, inks, and insecticides... 

Uses. Chlorinating agent disinfectant laundry bleach in water treatment intermediate for drugs insecticides polymerization catalyst... 

Uses. Herbicide insecticide intermediate in the synthesis of fungicides polymerization inhibitor for vinyl aromatic compounds... 

Bipyridine resembles nicotine in its pharmacological properties but is not as active. The 3,4 -bipyridine derivative 113 known as amrinone and its relatives are of interest as cardiotonic agents. 4,4 -Bipyridine has been tested as an insecticide, but it is not of practical value.It is used in the study of the electrochemistry of cytochrome c and acts as a polymerization catalyst or hardening agent for various resins. l-Hexyl-4,4 -bipyridinium salts are especially effective as electron carriers in photochemical hydrogen producing systems. l,l -Dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium (92 R = R = CHj) and l,l -dibenzyl-4,4 -bipyridinium... 

Polymeric oxazolines have also been used as vehicles for controlled drug release ° ° and DNA transfection, as polymeric micelles, which serve as carriers for drug transport (e.g., paclitaxel), and as formulation additives for controlled-release of insecticides. ... 

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