Inductively coupled plasma optical emission determination

In Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), a gaseous, solid (as fine particles), or liquid (as an aerosol) sample is directed into the center of a gaseous plasma. The sample is vaporized, atomized, and partially ionized in the plasma. Atoms and ions are excited and emit light at characteristic wavelengths in the ultraviolet or visible region of the spectrum. The emission line intensities are proportional to the concentration of each element in the sample. A grating spectrometer is used for either simultaneous or sequential multielement analysis. The concentration of each element is determined from measured intensities via calibration with standards. 

Lomer, M.C.E. et ah. Determination of titanium dioxide in foods using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analyst, 125, 2339, 2002. 

Berndt et al. [740] have shown that traces of bismuth, cadmium, copper, cobalt, indium, nickel, lead, thallium, and zinc could be separated from samples of seawater, mineral water, and drinking water by complexation with the ammonium salt of pyrrolidine- 1-dithiocarboxylic acid, followed by filtration through a filter covered with a layer of active carbon. Sample volumes could range from 100 ml to 10 litres. The elements were dissolved in nitric acid and then determined by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Kola H, Peramaki P, Valimaki I. Correction of spectral interferences of calcium in sulfur determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy using multiple hnear regression. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2002 17 104-108. 

The silicon content of 1 was determined by inductive-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) of sodium tetraborate melt samples. It approximated lmmol/g resin. Results shown in Tables 13.1 and 13.2 were obtained using a resin containing 1.3 mmol Si per gram of 1, and results shown in Table 13.3 were obtained using a resin containg 0.9 mmol Si per gram of 1. 

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry has been applied to the determination of boron in soil extracts in amounts down to 0.5m L 1 [5]. 

Once the sample is in solution in the acid and the digest made up to a standard volume the determination of metals is completed by standard procedures such as atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. 

Major and trace element concentrations in the acidified samples were determined via ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) and ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) at the GSC s Geochemistry Research Laboratory. Dissolved anion concentrations were measured by 1C (ion chromatography) on the unacidified samples, also at the GSC s Geochemistry Research Laboratory. Characterization of the sediment mineralogy and texture by XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) is ongoing. 

Soil samples were wet sieved into (a) 2-4 mm, (b) 1-2 mm, (c) 0.5-1 mm, (d) 250-500 i m, (e) 125-250 am, (f) 63-125 j,m and (g) <63 j.m fractions. A ferruginous/magnetic fraction (m) was also prepared from the 2-4 mm fraction. Soil fractions were crushed, digested with HNO3/HCI/HF/HCIO4 and then analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) for Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na, P, S and Zn. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine Ag, As, Cd, Pb and Sb because of the lower detection limits by this method. The mineralogy of selected samples was determined by qualitative X-ray diffractometry. 

T. Kuokkanen, P. Peramaki, 1. Valimaki and H. Ronkkomaki, Determination of heavy metals in waste lubricating oils by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 81(2), 2001, 89-100. 

N. Carrion, M. Murillo, E. Montiel and D. Diaz, Development of a direct hydride generation nebuliser for the determination of selenium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 58(8), 2003, 1375-1389. 

J. Moreda-Pineiro, E. Alonso-Rodriguez, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui-Lorenzo, D. Prada-Rodriguez, A. Moreda-Pineiro and P. Bermejo-Barrera, Determination of major and trace elements in human scalp hair by pressurized-liquid extraction with acetic acid and inductively coupled plasma-optical-emission spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 388(2), 2007, 441 449. 

Atomic emission spectrometry is not sufficiently sensitive to determining molybdenum at the levels at which it occurs in soils. Due to its greater intrinsic sensitivity, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is capable of achieving the required sensitivity. Manzoori [168] has utilised inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine down to 0.01 mg/1 molybdenum in 1 M ammonium acetate extracts of soils. 

Spectrometric techniques based on atomic absorption or the emission of radiation flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and cold vapor (CV)/hydride generation (HG), mainly for trace and ultratrace metal determinations. 

International Standard Organization. 2007. Water quality. Determination of selected elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). ISO 11885. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

The nonsugar components in the hydrolysates were determined to be a collection of metals, anions, and nitrogenous material. The inorganic elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, S, P, Al, Si) were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Dissolved ammonium was measured with an ion-selective electrode. 

P. J. Mckinstry, H. E. Indyk, N. D. Kim, The determination of major and minor elements in milk and infant formula by slurry nebulization and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Food Chem., 65 (1999), 245-252. 

Other Analytical Techniques Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) or ICP AES can be used to simultaneously determine an average of 70 elements in a wide diversity of matrices. The benefits of this technique are as follows [16] ... 

Feeney CM, Anderson JW, Tindall FM. 1983. Determination of uranium in tailings by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. At Spectrosc 4 108-110. 

A fit-for-purpose estimate of the individual activities is needed for waste disposal purposes and calculation of neutron activation of precursors is often the simplest method, where contamination is unimportant. For H, the concentration of the Li precursor is required. The mobile nature of is a complicating factor since, in principle, it may remain in situ or diffuse within the bulk material. The aim of this work was to provide some answers to the above questions by determining the concentrations of Li in reactor steels and to compare the predicted levels of with values measured in reactor surveillance specimens. Preliminary attempts to measure Li in reactor steels by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy) were not successful and... 

Dittrich K., Berndt H., Broekaert J. A. C., Schaldach G. and Tolg G. (1988) Comparative study of injection into a pneumatic nebuliser and tungsten coil electrothermal vaporisation for the determination of rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, J Anal At Spectrom 3 1105—1110. 

Heavy metals, boron (B(V)), arsenic and total phosphorus were determined in the fraction < 20 pm to improve the comparability of the results. This fraction was separated from the freeze-dried and non-milled samples by ultrasonic sieving (Ackermann 1980). Metals were analysed after microwave-assisted digestion with aqua regia at 180 °C in closed vessels by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (mercury) and hydride atomic absorption spectroscopy (arsenic). 

C. Ortega, M.R. Gomez, R.A. Olsina, M.F. Silva, L.D. Martinez, On-line cloud point preconcentration and determination of gadolinium in urine using flow injection inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17 (2002) 530. 

Green, D. R. H., Cooper, M. J., German, C. R. Wilson, P. A. 2003. Optimization of an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry method for the rapid determination of high-precision Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca in foraminiferal calcite. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 8404, doi 10.1029/2002GC000488. 

Each experiment was accortqjanied the determination of Pd in solution after hot filtration of the solid catalyst at the end of the reaction. Because simple Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was found to not be precise enough for the palladium analysis in this concentration range (detection limit too high.) ICP-OES and/or ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy or Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry) were applied. To first approximation, the Pd leaching could not be correlated with the properties of the twelve different Pd/C catalysts described above ((1) Correlation of catalyst structure and activity.) There is, however, a strong correlation with the reaction parameters as described below. 

Pan, L., Qin, Y.C., Hu, B. and Jiang, Z.C. (2006) Determination of Co and Ni in environmental samples by low temperature electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometry using diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) as a chemical modifier. Fenxi Shiyanshi, 25 (8), 45 9. 

Tire three strong Tell lines were used as sensitive emission lines for the determination of Tc by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), which achieves a detection limit of around 4 pg Tc/1. The convenience of this approach makes it particularly suitable for on-line HPLC detection in speciation studies at enhanced environmental technetium levels [39]. Examples of this type of procedure for the determination of elements arc described in reviews [40,41 ]. 

The chemical compositions of the samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (Perkin-Elmer Optima 3300DV). 

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