Extractable soils

This is a relatively new technique that is used for PCBs and other nonpolar, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Typically, a small aliquot of soil sample (0.5-20 g) is used for the extraction. Soil samples are extracted with one or more organic solvents using microwave energy at elevated temperature (100-115 °C) and pressure (50-175 psi). This method uses less solvent and takes significantly less time than Soxhlet extraction but is limited to thermally stable compounds. 

Vapor extraction, soil fixation, and groundwater air stripping... 

Barbarick K.A., Ippolito J.A., Westfall D.G. Sewage biosolids cumulative effects on extractable-soil and grain elemental concentrations. J Environ Qual 1997 26 1696-1702. 

LeClaire, J.P., Change A.C., Levesque C.S, Sposito G. Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge. IV Correlations between zinc uptake and extracted soil zinc fractions. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1984 48 509-513. 

Kang S, Xing B (2005) Phenanthrene sorption to sequentially extracted soil humic acids and humins. Environ Sci Technol 39 130-140... 

Dissolved organic matter can be thought of, for simplicity, as soluble organic matter present in soil solution. However, although some workers have measured dissolved organic matter in soil leachates or extracted soil solutions, many use the extract from a 1 2 w/v soil/water extraction... 

Sapsucker Woods S.W. soil, S.W. ethyl ether extracted soil, humin, oxidized... 

Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis-, 4-year-old trees M3 extractable soil copper >60 mg/kg DW (from treated plots containing about 120 kg Cu/ha) Growth adversely affected positive correlation between copper concentrations in feeder roots (4 to 450 mg Cu/kg DW) and M3 extractable soil copper 17... 

Explain why Figure 1.1 is important to anyone extracting soil. 

Cao X, Oik D, Chappell M, Cambardella CA, Miller LF, Mao J. Solid-state NMR analysis of soil organic matter fractions from integrated physical-chemical extraction. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2011 75 1374-1384. 

Simple extractions of soil, with or without salts, however, are not the most common methods of extracting soil to determine its composition or chemistry, particularly with regard to aluminum or magnesium [7],... 

Two different objectives are common when extracting soil to determine its metal content. The first is to determine the amount of biologically active metal present. This is typically the goal for determining the levels of plant-required metals. In terms of total samples analyzed, this is the most common reason for extracting soil. Metals in soil that are essential to plants and that are most... 

What base is commonly used to extract soil and what component, in what form, is this base used to extract ... 

Cohen DR, Shen XC, Dunlop AC, Futherford NF. A comparison of selective extraction soil geochemistry biochemistry in the Cobar area, New South Wales. J. Geochem. Explor. 1998 61 173-189. 

An excellent example of this type of analysis involves the determination of phosphate in soil extracts. Soil is extracted with an appropriate extractant and added to a solution of acid molybdate, with which the phosphate reacts to produce a purple- or blue-colored solution of phosphomolybdate. Standard phosphate solutions are prepared, reacted with acid molybdate, and the intensity of the phosphomolybdate color produced is measured. A standard curve (also called a calibration curve) is prepared (see Section 14.10) from which the intensity of the color is directly related to the concentration of phosphate in the extract. 

Guest CA, Schulze DG, Thompson IA, Huber DM. Correlating manganese X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra with extractable soil manganese. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2002 66 1172-1181. 

To check the enhancement effect in the presence of soil extracts, soil was treated with ammonium nitrate at a rate equivalent to 200kg ha-1. When 50g of the soil were extracted with 100ml of methanol using the method of Byast et al. [101] the concentration of ammonium nitrate in solution was about 4pg pL-1. Injections of the treated soil extract increased the peak height of a subsequent 60ng Atrazine standard by 55-65%. No increase occurred following injections of untreated soil extracts. 

Pal, D., Karr, L., et al, 1996, Have Burners, Will Clean A Study of Hot Air Vapor Extraction Soil and Groundwater Cleanup, October, pp. 24—31. 

Borek V, Morra MJ, McCaffrey JP (1996) Myrosinase activity in soil extracts. Soil Sci Soc Am 160 1792-1797... 

Johnston AE, Goulding KWT, Poulton PR (1986) Soil acidification during more than 100 years under permanent grassland and woodland at Rothamsted. Soil Use Manage 2 3-10 Kahn SU (1982) Bound pesticides residues in soil and plant. Residue Rev 84 1-25 Kan AT, Chen W, Tomson MB (2000) Desorption kinetics from neutral hydrophobic organic compounds from field contaminated sediment. Environ Pollution 108 81-89 Kang SH, Xing BS (2005) Phenanthrene sorption to sequentially extracted soil humic acids and humans. Environ Sci Technol 39 134-140... 

T0545 National Research Council of Canada, Solvent Extraction Soil Remediation... 

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