Scalp hair

Lead acetate can be used only for coloring scalp hair at a level not to exceed 0.6%, as lead, weight/volume of the product. The regulations provide specific restrictions (including label specifications) that lead acetate must not be used to color mustaches, eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp. 

Hair colorants, the fourth class of color additives, may be used only to color scalp hair and may not be used in the area of the eye. Use of these colorants is exempt, that is, coal-tar hair dyes may be sold with cautionary labeling, directions for preliminary (patch) testing, and restrictions against use in or near the eye. The EDA diligently enforces the rules governing color additives and limits the use of, or even dehsts colorants deemed unsafe. The Hst of substances specifically prohibited for use in cosmetics is short. 

Antithyroid drags have several side effects. The most frequent side effects are maculopapular rashes, pruritus, urticaria, fever, arthralgia and swelling of the joints. They occur in 1-5% of patients [1, 2]. Loss of scalp hair, gastrointestinal problems, elevations of bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase and abnormalities of taste and smell are less common. The incidence of all these untoward reactions is similar with MMI and PTU. Side effects of MMI are dose-related, whereas those of PTU are less clearly related to dose [1]. PTU may cause slight transient increases of serum aminotransferase and y-glutamyl transpeptidase concentrations but also severe hq atotoxicity whereas methimazole or carbimazole can be associated with cholestasis. The side... 

Wang T, Fu J, Wang Y, Liao C, Tao Y, Jiang G (2009) Use of scalp hair as indicator of human exposure to heavy metals in an electronic waste recycling area. Environ Pollut 157(8-9) 2445-2451. doi 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.010... 

Possible sources of semiochemicals in primates include the scalp, hair, axillary region, genitals, chest and/or breast, feet and skin. As possible starting points for studies on human semiochemicals, the constituents present in the effluvia, excretions and secretions of humans have been characterized. For example, a large number of constituents of normal human urine have been identified since modern gas chromatographic techniques became available for this type of analysis. The results of these earlier studies on human effluvia and urine have been reviewed by Albone [148]. 

Moon J, Davison AJ, Smith TJ, et al. 1988. Correlation clusters in the accumulation of metals in human scalp hair Effects of age, community of residence and abundances of metals in air and water supplies. Sci Total Environ 72 87-112. 

Chorea or involuntary movements, hirsutism or abnormal hairiness, loss of scalp hair, depression... 

Loss of scalp hair, depression Serious Reactions... 

Topical minoxidil is effective in reversing the progressive miniaturization of scalp hairs associated with androgenic alopecia (male pattern baldness). It is a hereditary disorder due to excessive conversion of testosterone to dehydrocorticosterone in the scalp skin in genetically susceptible men. 

Topical minoxidil (Rogaine) is effective in reversing the progressive miniaturization of terminal scalp hairs associated with androgenic alopecia. Vertex balding is more responsive to therapy than frontal balding. The mechanism of action of minoxidil on hair follicles is unknown. Chronic dosing studies have demonstrated that the effect of minoxidil is not permanent, and cessation of treatment will lead to hair loss in 4-6 months. Percutaneous absorption of minoxidil in normal scalp is minimal, but possible systemic effects on blood pressure (see Chapter 11) should be monitored in patients with cardiac disease. 

One of the most famous applications in forensic science is the analysis of Napoleon s hair by ICP-MS after mineralization in concentrated nitric acid whereby an arsenic concentration about 40 times higher than normal (about 40p,gg 1) was measured (see Section 9.5). Ingested arsenic is known to be stored in sulfydryl rich tissue, like hair, nails or skin. ETV-ICP-MS combined with isotope dilution has been employed to measure thallium in human scalp hair from a person poisoned by thallium compared to control subjects, whereby several longitudinal concentration gradients for the analyzed segments (length 10 mm) were obtained.28... 

J. Moreda-Pineiro, E. Alonso-Rodriguez, P. Lopez-Mahia, S. Muniategui-Lorenzo, D. Prada-Rodriguez, A. Moreda-Pineiro and P. Bermejo-Barrera, Determination of major and trace elements in human scalp hair by pressurized-liquid extraction with acetic acid and inductively coupled plasma-optical-emission spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 388(2), 2007, 441 449. 

Hirsutism is common in patients taking androgens, and is often irreversible (62,63). In contrast, in women, loss of scalp hair can occur (64). Of 81 female-to-male transsexual subjects, mean age 37 years (range 21-61), treated with testosterone esters (n = 61 250 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks) or testosterone undecanoate (n = 20 160-240 mg/day orally), 31 developed male-pattern baldness thinning of the hair was related to the duration of androgen administration and was present in about half of the transsexuals after 13 years (65). 

Topical application of testosterone, as a gel or from transdermal patches, can lead to absorption and systemic effects (SEDA-16, 158). Transdermal absorption of testosterone (usually from treatment of vulvar lichen scler-osus et atrophicus) can lead to increased libido, clitoral hypertrophy, pubic hirsutism, thinning of the scalp hair, facial acne, voice change, hirsutism, and even virilization (111). 

Of 1553 men with male-pattern baldness who took finasteride 1 mg/day, all of whom had initially taken part in one of two 1-year placebo-controlled studies, 1215 continued into further controlled studies over another 4 years (31). There was durable improvement in scalp hair over 5 years and no new safety concerns were identified. 

Ketoconazole (400 mg/day) has been used for the treatment of hirsutism and acne in women, but adverse effects, such as headache, nausea, loss of scalp hair, hepatitis, and biochemical changes, were impressive (587-589). 

Ryan DE, Holzbecher J, Stuart DC. 1978. Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals. Clin Chem 24 1996-2000. 

Takizawa T, Arai S, Kizawa K, Uchiwa H, Sasaki I, Inoue T. 1999. Ultrastmctural localization of S100A3, a cysteine-rich, calcium binding protein, inhuman scalp hair shafts revealed by rapid-freezing immunocytochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 47(4) 525—532. 

In women who take AASs, the surge in male hormones exerts a profound effect on a delicate hormonal balance. Due to the higher testosterone levels from AAS use, breast size and body fat decrease, skin becomes coarse, voice deepens, and the clitoris enlarges. Menstrual periods become irregular and sterility may result. Also, women may develop excessive hair growth on the chest and face but lose scalp hair. As steroid use continues, some of these effects may be permanent. For both sexes, increases and decreases in sex drive have both been reported. 

The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004). The bank collects six types of human specimens— whole blood, blood plasma, scalp hair, pubic hair, saliva, and 24-hour urine samples from people 20-29 years old in four cities (Munster, Halle/ Saale, Greifswald, and Ulm). Screening is conducted to determine the pres-... 

Fig. 7. Effects of finasteride in androgenetic alopecia. (A) 5a-Reductase-mediated conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) leads to miniaturization of scalp hair follicles and eventual hair loss. (B) Finasteride inhibits continued miniaturization of scalp hair follicles and (C) converts miniaturized follicles back to terminal ana-gen hairs with time, leading to an increase of terminal scalp hair growth and slowing of further hair loss. (Panel A adapted from Randall et al., 1991 panels B and C from Kaufman and Dawber, 1999.)...

In an animal model of AGA, the stumptail macaque monkey, finasteride prevented the decrease in scalp hair that occurs in both sexes of this species with puberty, increased scalp hair weight, and corrected the ratio of anagen to telogen follicles induced by pubertal androgens, such that anagen/telogen follicular balance in individual biopsy sections reverted to a more juvenile (prepubertal) pattern (Rhodes etal., 1994). 

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