Complicating factors

There are a number of factors that may complicate the interpretation of infrared spectra. These factors should be considered when studying spectra as they can result in important changes to the spectra and may result in the misinterpretation 

Although it is a useful assumption to make, it is not true that all bands in a spectrum can simply be associated with a particular bond or part of a molecule. Certain complicating factors need to be taken into account. 

---

Most studies of the Kelvin effect have been made with salts—see Refs. 2-4. A complicating factor is that of the electrical double layer presumably present Knapp [3] (see also Ref. 6) gives the equation... 

An additional complicating factor in many carbons is the presence of ash. which is usually hydrophilic if present as MgO or CaO resulting from high-temperature treatment of the charcoal, the ash will of course adsorb water chemically as well as physically. 

A number of reaction products have been isolated from the (Tj -C H )2TiCl —N2—reductant system, where n = 1, 2, all of which assume an intense blue color in solution. Spectroscopic absorption occurs at a maximum, of ca 600 nm. The relationship among these products is unclear (185,186), but the labihty of the ring maybe an important complicating factor. When (Tj -C R 2TiCl2 [11136-36-0] R = CH3, is used, two distinct interconvertible... 

Distribution of the monomer units in the polymer is dictated by the reactivity ratios of the two monomers. In emulsion polymerization, which is the only commercially significant process, reactivity ratios have been reported (4). IfMj = butadiene andM2 = acrylonitrile, then = 0.28, and r2 =0.02 at 5°C. At 50°C, Tj = 0.42 and = 0.04. As would be expected for a combination where = near zero, this monomer pair has a strong tendency toward alternation. The degree of alternation of the two monomers increases as the composition of the polymer approaches the 50/50 molar ratio that alternation dictates (5,6). Another complicating factor in defining chemical stmcture is the fact that butadiene can enter the polymer chains in the cis (1), trans (2), or vinyl(l,2) (3) configuration ... 

Literature A number of informative researches can be cited, but again the difficulties of experimentation and complicating factors have made the kinetic patterns difficult to generalize. The most investigated gas reactants have been oxygen and hydrogen and some chlorine systems. 

Generalized single phase pressure drop coirelations for pipes and packed beds have used complicated factors composed of groups (sometimes dimensionless) of physical property data and system geometry. ... 

In addition to the great dependence of MIE on particle size distribution and the possible accumulation of additives, complicating factors in measuring and applying MIE data include the presence of flammable gas (6-1.3.1) plus the effects of moisture (6-1.6) and possibly increased temperature (6-1.5) relative to the test temperature. 

The two complicating factors that are encountered most frequently are the linearity of detector response and stray light scattering at low signal levels. DTGS... 

Convective heat exchange coefficient A complicated factor involving the surface ge... 

A complicating factor was that the maintenance team originally intended to work only on the pump bearings. When team members found that they had to open up the pump, they told the process team, but no further checks of the isolations were carried out. 

One of the complicating factors in the use of a TNT-blast model for vapor cloud explosion blast modeling is the effect of distance on the TNT equivalency observed in actual incidents. Properly speaking, TNT blast characteristics do not correspond with gas explosion blast. That is, far-field gas explosion blast effects must be represented by much heavier TNT charges than intermediate distances. 

The pump had been awaiting repair for several days when a work permit was issued at 8 00 AM. on the day of the fire. The foreman who issued the permit should have checked, before doing so, that the pump suction and delivery valves were shut and the drain valve open. He claimed that he did so. Either his recollection was incorrect or, after he inspected the valves and before work started, someone closed the drain valve and opened the suction valve. When the valves were closed, there was no indication on them of why they were closed. A worker might have opened the suction valve and shut the drain valve so that the pump could be put on line quickly if required. A complicating factor was that the maintenance team originally intended to work only on the pump bearings. When they found that they had to open up the pump they told the process team, but no further checks of the isolations were carried out. 

Concentration effects, i.e., the dependences of Vr on injected polymer concentration (Ci), represent a further complicating factor in the quantitative... 

The reaction of amines with alkyl halides was seen earlier (Section 22.7) as a complicating factor in the preparation of amines by alkylation of ammonia. 

Infrared spectral evidence indicates that indazol 3-one probably exists in the oxo form (cf. 77). 4-Monosubstituted-l,3-diphenylpyrazol-5-ones have been assigned an oxo structure (cf. 78) on the basis of infrared (presence of a v C=N band) and ultraviolet spectral data. The structure of certain iV-acylated pyrazolones has been discussed on the basis of their infrared spectra, but in these cases the possibility of acyl migration is a complicating factor. 

Most workers in exploratory experiments use high grade solvents for it helps avoid complicating factors. Results thus obtained cannot necessarily be extrapolated safely to technical, reused, or reclaimed solvents, and serious errors have been made by doing so. If, in commercial practice, a lower grade solvent is to be used, its effect on the catalyst should be ascertained beforehand. 

The different physical properties, the reactivity of comonomers, and the reaction medium affect copolymerization. The majority of the real processes of copolymerization of acrylamide are complicated. Therefore, copolymerization may not be characterized by the classic equations. The following are the main complicating factors in the copolymerization of acrylamide. 

These complicating factors influence not only the middle composition and composition distribution curves of copolymers, but also the kinetic parameters of copolymerization and the molecular weight of copolymers. An understanding of these complicating factors makes it possible to regulate the prosesses of copolymerization and to obtain copolymers with different characteristics and, therefore, with various properties. 

Materials selection cannot be based on any simple combination of common corrosive species. There are many complicating factors, including the harmful or beneficial effects of contaminants at the ppm level, the relative proportion in which certain combinations of species are present (H+ and CH are often synergistic in their effect, whereas and CH often counter each other) and the... 

Although all these complicating factors cannot be reproduced in small-scale tests, it will be of value to summarise the main knowledge that has been gained from long-period burial trials conducted in the United States and in Great Britain . The subject will be considered under two heads effect of metal composition and effect of the soil. 

A complicating factor in this process is the formation of finely divided carbon, which causes an increase of liquid viscosity and promotes bubble coalescence whereby the gas-liquid interfacial area is reduced. Also observed was a effect of reactor height, which may be attributed to bubble coalescence. 

These processes have been assumed to have varying importance in the literature but all lead to a different type of concentration dependence compared with that of Sect. 3.3. Sanchez and Di Marzio [49] considered cases (ii) and (iv) whilst more recently Toda et al. [88] argued that (i) and (iii) are likely to be more important. It is probable that no one process will predominate for all molecular weights, supercoolings and concentrations, and therefore we explain under what conditions the above processes will be important and the dependence on concentration to which they give rise. If several processes contribute then there will be many complicating factors and only the overall trends will be observed. 

---