Indium source

Synthesis of indium phthalocyanine complexes usually involves the assembly of a ring system in the presence of an indium source. For example, (t-Bu)4PcInCl(chloro(tetra-(tert-butyl)phthalo-cyaninato)indium(III)) or (w-CsHi i)8PcInCl(chloro(octa-( -pentyl)phthalocyaninato)indium(III))... 

Synonym Tris(2,4-pentanedionato)indium Source Saito, N. Ikushima, Y Goto, T. 

Production. Indium is recovered from fumes, dusts, slags, residues, and alloys from zinc or lead—zinc smelting. The source material itself, a reduction bullion, flue dust, or electrolytic slime intermediate, is leached with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, the solutions are concentrated, if necessary, and cmde indium is recovered as 99+% metal. This impure indium is then refined to 99.99%, 99.999%, 99.9999%, or higher grades by a variety of classical chemical and electrochemical processes. 

Batteries. Many batteries intended for household use contain mercury or mercury compounds. In the form of red mercuric oxide [21908-53-2] mercury is the cathode material in the mercury—cadmium, mercury—indium—bismuth, and mercury—zinc batteries. In all other mercury batteries, the mercury is amalgamated with the zinc [7440-66-6] anode to deter corrosion and inhibit hydrogen build-up that can cause cell mpture and fire. Discarded batteries represent a primary source of mercury for release into the environment. This industry has been under intense pressure to reduce the amounts of mercury in batteries. Although battery sales have increased greatly, the battery industry has aimounced that reduction in mercury content of batteries has been made and further reductions are expected (3). In fact, by 1992, the battery industry had lowered the mercury content of batteries to 0.025 wt % (3). Use of mercury in film pack batteries for instant cameras was reportedly discontinued in 1988 (3). 

Soldered joints present their own characteristic corrosion problems usually in the form of dissimilar metal attack often aided by inadequate flux removal after soldering. Such joints have always been a source of concern to the electrical industry. Lead-containing solders must be used with caution for some types of electrical connection since PbfOHjj.PbCOj may be found as a corrosion product and can interrupt current flow. Indium has been found to be a useful addition to Sn-Pb solders to improve their corrosion resistanceHowever, in view of the toxicity of lead and its alloys, the use of lead solders, particularly in contact with potable waters and foodstuff s, is likely to decline. 

Currem field characteristics measured wiih conjugated polymers sandwiched between an indium-tin oxide (ITO) anode and an aluminum cathode are usually hole dominated and are, consequently, appropriate for testing injection/lransport models for the case of unipolar current How. Data shown in Figure 12-1 refer to injection-limited currents recorded on typically 100 nm thick spin-coated films of derivatives of poly(y d/"fi-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and a planarized poly(/ /" -pheny-leue) employing a Keilhley source measure unit. The polymers were ... 

Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, which convert incident solar radiation directly into electrical energy, today represent the most common power source for Earth-orbiting spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, where a photovoltaic engineering testbed (PET) is actually assembled on the express pallet. The solid-state photovoltaics, based on gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, or silicon, prove capable, even if to different extents and with... 

Reference has been made earlier to scattered rare metals, the five most important members of this particular group being gallium, indium, thallium, rhenium, and germanium. A common feature of these metals is that they do not form commercially significant mineral sources of their own, but are invariably produced from the processing of other mineral sources. The description given here pertains to rhenium, and serves as one example of these dispersed metals. 

The trimeric indium antimonide single-source precursor [Et2InSb(SiMe3)2]3, prepared from Et2InCl and Sb(SiMe3)3, was shown in a preliminary study to form InSb nanocrystals (average particle size 10 nm) by solid-state thermolysis at 400 °C under a static vacuum. However, the particles were contaminated with elemental indium.399... 

Nomura, R. Kanaya, K. Matsuda, H. 1988. Preparation of copper-indium-sulfide thin films by solution pyrolysis of organometallic sources. Chem. Lett. 17 1849-1850. 

Nomura, R. Sekl, Y. Matsuda, H. 1992. Preparation of copper indium sulfide (CuInS2) thin films by single-source MOCVD process using Bu2In(SPr)Cu(S2CNPrj)./. Mater. Chem. 2 765-766. 

Hirpo, W. Dhingra, S. Sutorik, A. C. Kanatzidis, M. G. 1993. Synthesis of mixed copper-indium chalcogenolates. Single-source precursors for the photovoltaic materials CuInQ2 (Q = S, Se)./. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 1597-1599. 

The possible preparation of InAs by crystallization from the melt depends also on the liquidus shape (especially in the In-rich region). A summary of previous liquidus measurements was reported by De Winter and Pollack (1986) who employed a source dissolution method based on the equilibration, at a fixed temperature, of a known quantity of high-purity indium with single crystals of InAs, the weight loss of which was determined. The experiments were carried out under a flux of hydrogen purified via permeation through palladium. 

The gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) and indium phosphide (InP) laser diodes are among the most used NIR excitation sources (Figure 7.4). These diodes are... 

Instead of glowbars, as used in MIR, tungsten halogen lamps are the sources of light. The detectors are solid-state semiconductors such as lead sulfide (PbS) or indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs). These are orders of magnitude quieter than typical MIR detectors and often more sensitive. 

The intensities of polarized ligand field spectra ns-n ) of V(ethyl-dtp)3 doped into the corresponding indium(III) compoimd exhibit a relatively small temperature dependence. The source of the large intensities of the d-d transition is the static distortion of the ligand field n ) and not vibronic effects to any appreciable extent. 

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