INDEX sulphate

Henderson and Sutherland have prepared a hydrocarbon synthetically which is possibly a modification of terpinene. They reduced thymo-hydroquinone, thus obtaining menthane-2-5-diol, which was heated for half an hour with twice its weight of sulphate of potash under a reflux condenser, and so yielded a terpene boiling at 179°, of specific gravity about 0 840 and refractive index 1-4779. 

Part—IV has been entirely devoted to various Optical Methods that find their legitimate recognition in the arsenal of pharmaceutical analytical techniques and have been spread over nine chapters. Refractometry (Chapter 18) deals with refractive index, refractivity, critical micelle concentration (CMC) of various important substances. Polarimetry (Chapter 19) describes optical rotation and specific optical rotation of important pharmaceutical substances. Nephelometry and turbidimetry (Chapter 20) have been treated with sufficient detail with typical examples of chloroetracyclin, sulphate and phosphate ions. Ultraviolet and absorption spectrophotometry (Chapter 21) have been discussed with adequate depth and with regard to various vital theoretical considerations, single-beam and double-beam spectrophotometers besides typical examples amoxycillin trihydrate, folic acid, glyceryl trinitrate tablets and stilbosterol. Infrared spectrophotometry (IR) (Chapter 22) essentially deals with a brief introduction of group-frequency... 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

Alcohol consumption is very difficult to assess. There is widespread belief that individuals underreport their intake and there are no reliable laboratory tests available for definitive diagnosis of alcohol abuse. A combination of abnormalities in the plasma activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT or yGT), AST and reduction in erythrocyte mean cell volume (MCV) maybe useful and all are routine lab. tests. A potential marker of interest is carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) which is an abnormal isoform of serum transferrin arising due to defects in the attachment of carbohydrate chains to the protein core. Unfortunately, CDT is a somewhat specialized test, not performed by most laboratories. Other markers which have attracted some research interest are ethyl sulphate and ethyl glucuronide. Excretion in the urine of these metabolites occurs for up to 50 hours after binge drinking so they offer a useful index of recent heavy alcohol intake. 

Therapy is perfectly adequate with simple iron salts (Table 2). In adults ferrous gluconate, fumarate or sulphate are all of proven equal efficiency. Approximately 50 mg of iron is present in each tablet with the remaining 300 mg made up with an inert filler. These are given on an empty stomach at least twice a day but should nausea prevail they can be taken with food. Absorption of slow release preparations is not recommended since iron is detached from the carrier beyond the main areas of absorption in the duodenum or jejunum. Stools turn black in all cases and this is a useful index of patient compliance. In 25% of individuals gastrointestinal tract side effects are encountered in the form of diarrhoea or constipation and patients will often spontaneously discontinue medication. It is therefore essential that a tablet-count be carried out on a regular basis with a substitute being provided when this first-line medication is intolerable. In children the same preparations are favoured as syrups these are given twice... 

Waggoner, A.P., Vanderpol, A.J., Charlson, R.J., Larsen, S., Granat, L., and Tragardh, C., Sulphate-Light Scattering Ratio as an Index of the Role of Sulphur in Tropospheric Optics. Nature, Lond., 261 120, 1976. 

Dissolve 2.5 g of sodium hydroxide in 250 ml of water in a 500-ml two-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser and a dropping funnel. Bring the solution to the boil, add rapidly from the dropping funnel 28.5 g (0.25 mol) of hexane-2, 5-dione (Expt 5.104) and continue to boil steadily under reflux for exactly 15 minutes (1). Cool the resulting dark-brown solution rapidly in an ice-salt bath, saturate with sodium chloride and extract with one 100 ml and two 50 ml portions of ether. Wash the ether extract with three 5 ml portions of water, dry over anhydrous sodium sulphate and remove the ether on a rotary evaporator. Distil the residual dark oil under reduced pressure and collect the colourless 3-methylcyclopent-2-enone as a fraction of b.p. 74-76 °C/ 16mmHg, n 0 1.4818 yield 9.5 g (40%). The product thus obtained is pure enough for most purposes when perfectly pure the refractive index is 1.4893. The product may darken on storage. 

Suppose that to the sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulphate, magnesium chloride we add calcium sulphate to which we give the index 5. Five concentrations, will determine the composition of the solution. 

The variability associated with drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract can be overcome by using a parenteral preparation (dosage form). It should preferably be administered either by intravenous infusion or slow intravenous injection to avoid circulatory overload. Intraosseous administration is a useful alternative to intravenous injection of some antimicrobial agents (e.g. sodium ampicillin or amoxycillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin or amikacin sulphate) in neonatal foals (Fig. 7.1) (Golenz et al, 1994) and puppies (Lavy et al, 1995). This particularly applies when the neonate is in a state of septic shock and/or dehydration. Total plasma protein concentration is an inaccurate index of hydration status unless monitored (repeatedly measured) and interpreted in conjunction with packed cell volume (PCV). 

The authors used these difference spectra as a basis for comparison with their calculations of the contribution to A R/R which may result from the variation of the proton excess in the double layer. Sulphate ions have only a minor influence on the -OH absorption spectrum of water [41] and the authors decided that the HS04" ion present at the low pH employed in the experiment would not behave much differently. Since the same is true for the Cl" ion, the authors used optical data which was available for different concentrations of HC1 [42] in their model calculations. The imaginary part of the complex refractive index, k, was plotted [22] for HC1 solutions in H20 in the spectral range of interest ( 3000 cm"1). The effect of increasing... 

Heparin causes a reduction in mitotic index and a decrease in tumour volume for Ehrlich ascites tumours in mice . Polyethylene sulphonates having molecular weights between 15,000 and 35,000, also have antineo-plastic activity in mice against ascites tumours, carcinomas and leukaemias . Heparin has been found to reduce markedly the number of pulmonary metastases in rats receiving intravenous Walker 256 carcinoma cells . Evans blue in the presence of a sulphated pectin entered tumour cells but not normal tissue cells s. The anti-immunochemical action of heparin has been used successfully for tumour heterografts Ass. 

The detection limits of fluorimetric devices are more difficult to compare than those of refractometers or photometers, because the signal cannot be expressed in terms of a universal property of the liquid such as refractive Index or absorbance units. Usually in papers on fluorimetric Instrumentation, quinine sulphate in... 

This polymer has been prepared in oxidized state by Gupta and Umare [324]. According to the diffraction pattern there is little crystallinity in the sulphate salt. Nonetheless, the authors index the peaks above the amorphous background on the basis of an orthorhombic lattice with = 7.I5 A, 6=8.00 A and c= 11.99 A. 

There are two crystalline forms widely used in papermaking applications, anatase and rutile. The major difference between the two is crystal uniformity and size, which yields a slightly higher index of refraction in the rutile crystal (Fig. 6.8). There are two chemical processing manufacturing routes commercially viable for titanium dioxide production, the sulphate and the chlorine process. The older sulphate method may be used to produce both anatase and rutile, while the more recent chlorine process is utilised only for rutile crystal production. 

Memi D, Turan A, Karamanlio u B, OguzhanN, I uk9u Z. Comparison of sufentanil with sufentanil plus magnesium sulphate for sedatioi in the intensive care unit usii bispectral index Crit Care (2003) 7, R123-Rl 28. 

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