Consumption, alcohol

Uses. Furfuryl alcohol is widely used as a monomer in manufacturing furfuryl alcohol resins, and as a reactive solvent in a variety of synthetic resins and appHcations. Resins derived from furfuryl alcohol are the most important appHcation for furfuryl alcohol in both utihty and volume. The final cross-linked products display outstanding chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. They are also heat-stable and remarkably resistant to acids, alkaUes, and solvents. Many commercial resins of various compositions and properties have been prepared by polymerization of furfuryl alcohol and other co-reactants such as furfural, formaldehyde, glyoxal, resorcinol, phenoHc compounds and urea. In 1992, domestic furfuryl alcohol consumption was estimated at 47 million pounds (38). 

Folate antagonists (eg, methotrexate and certain antiepileptics) are used ia treatment for various diseases, but their adininistration can lead to a functional folate deficiency. Folate utilization can be impaired by a depletion of ziac (see Zinc compounds). In humans, the intestinal bmsh border folate conjugase is a ziac metaHoenzyme (72). One study iadicates that the substantial consumption of alcohol, when combiaed with an iaadequate iatake of folate and methionine, may iacrease the risk of colon cancer (73). Based on this study, it is recommended to avoid excess alcohol consumption and iacrease folate iatake to lower the risk of colon cancer. 

Blood alcohol concentration and risk of crash. With increasing alcohol concentration in the blood, the risk of an automobile crash rises rapidly to 25 times the normal risk of a crash (that is, the risk with no alcohol consumption). 

Niacin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to niacin, active peptic ulcer, hepatic dysfunction, and arterial bleeding. The drug is used cautiously in patients with renal dysfunction, high alcohol consumption, unstable angina, gout, and pregnancy (Category C). 

Findings from animal studies suggest that neuropeptide Y (NPY) may be associated with ethanol consumption. NPY-deficient mice have increased alcohol consumption (Thiele et al. 1998), an effect that is mediated by the Y1 and Y2 receptors (Pandey et al. 2003 Thiele et al. 2000, 2002). It has been suggested that NPY Y1 agonists and Y2 antagonists may have promise in the treatment of alcoholism (Cowen et al. 2004). 

The two main settings in which medications are used for alcohol treatment are to control the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (i.e., detoxification) and to reduce or prevent alcohol consumption (i.e., rehabilitation). In the sections that follow, we will first discuss pharmacological approaches to detoxification... 

Summary. Currently, the most promising agents that directly reduce alcohol consumption are the opioid antagonists and acamprosate. Further re-... 

Gorelick DA, Paredes A Effect of fluoxetine on alcohol consumption in male alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16 261-265, 1992... 

Kranzler HR, Van Kirk J Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment a meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23 1335-1341, 2001 Kranzler HR, Babor TF, Lauerman R Problems associated with average alcohol consumption and frequency of intoxication in a medical population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14 119-126, 1990... 

Thiele TE, Koh MT, Pedrazzini T Voluntary alcohol consumption is controlled via the neuropeptide YYl receptor. J Neurosci 22 RC208, 2002... 

In some Asian populations and Native Americans, alcohol consumption results in increased adverse reactions to acetaldehyde owing to a genetic defect of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. 

N-Nitrosamines are formed during processing and smoking of tobacco products. Proteins, agricultural chemicals and alkaloids in tobacco products serve as major precursors for volatile, nonvolatile, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (Figure 1). In this review we will summarize the progress achieved in respect to tobacco nitrosamines since the last ACS symposium in Boston in June of 1978 (J ). Additional papers will review the metabolism of cyclic N-nitrosamines, including that of N -nitrosonornicotine 1) and the correlation between tobacco and alcohol consumption and cancer of the upper alimentary tract (J ). 

Albanes, D. et al., Effect of supplemental P-carotene, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on serum carotenoids in alpha-tocopherol, P-carotene cancer prevention study, Am. J. Clin. Nutn, 66, 366, 1976. 

Alcohol abuse Alcohol-preferring rat Decreases alcohol consumption [60]... 

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