Association, variables

FIGURE 9.1 Illustration of the formaldehyde Z-matrix example, (a) First three atoms and associated variables. (A) Dihedral angle. 

The three streams and associated variables of the RO membrane process are shown in Figure 2b the feed the product stream, called the permeate and the concentrated reject stream, called the concentrate or retentate. The water flow through the membrane is reported in terms of water flux, J. ... 

Assuming proper soil surface preparation (i.e., smooth with no soil clods or crop debris) and test substance application, the diameter of the soil probe does not generally impact observed pesticide residue concentrations in soil or associated variability. Nevertheless, a minimum diameter of 5 cm for the upper soil probe is recommended to improve sampling under less than ideal conditions. Increasingly, researchers are using probes having diameters >5 cm with good results under a variety of field conditions. 

O Here are the sample death data for the analyses. Note that the treatment information is already present in this single death data set. The variable deathcensor = 1 if the patient died on that date. Deathcensor = 0 means that the patient did not die, and the associated variable daystodeath represents the last day that the subject was known to be alive. 

Equations (c), (equality constraints. The other relations were modified to form two inequality constraints each, so as to take account of the uncertainty that existed in their formulation. The dl and du values fisted in Table E14.3B allow for deviations from the expected values of the associated variables. 

In this case we assign Equation 2 to fs (determinable), leaving two unassigned equations, 1 and 3. Variables fo and fi are still not determinable, but now Equation 1 is not assigned and contains only measured variables thus, this is a redundant equation and the associated variables are also redundant or overmeasured. 

The presence of two volumes (or two temperatures) is a very strong indication that we will need to use the combined gas law. To use this gas law we need subscripts to differentiate the different volumes and temperatures. Label one volume Vj and the other V2. It does not matter which volume we label 1 or 2 as long as we label all associated variables with the same subscript. 

Another area of global-scale dimensions that is commanding increased attention is the potential impact of atmospheric trace gases and aerosol particles on climate, the subject of this chapter. Climate is the longterm statistical characterization of parameters describing what we commonly term weather, such as surface temperature. For example, the mean surface temperature with its associated variability over some time period, typically taken as 30 years, is one measure of climate. Thus, climate is distinguished from short-term, e.g., day-to-day, variations, which are typically referred to as weather. ... 

Molecular modeling techniques, although aesthetically pleasing, are far from reliable owing to the large number of associated variables. 

Then the pictorial representation of the A th temperature interval along with the associated variables (i.e., hot and cold utility loads, heat residual loads) and the parameters (i.e., heat loads of hot and cold streams) is shown in Figure 8.5. 

Emission coefficients are estimates of emissions per unit of activity level. These coefficients are generally estimated using actual measurements of emissions and information about activity levels from a subset of representative sources. The emission measurements used as an input to these coefficients are subject to considerable uncertainty, being based on measurements at ten sources or, at most, at a few hundred sources. Usually, no direct estimates of associated variability or uncertainty, are available. Depending upon the level of detail in the model being used to make the emission estimates, emission coefficients may be assumed constant over time or across regions, or new combustion and other technologies may be assumed to be available. 

Johnson, T.N. et al. Prediction of the clearance of eleven drugs and associated variability in neonates, infants and children. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006,45 931-956. 

The important thing to note in the previous examples is how PROLOG temporarily associates variables with values. This process is referred to as instantiation . This bonding of a variable to a constant (or to another variable) holds until the respective step is undone by backtracking or until a new question is entered. 

For each hydraulic conductivity field generated, the associated variable hydraulic head field and groundwater velocity field were determined. Each variable hydraulic head field was evaluated numerically by solving the following steady state two-dimensional groundwater flow equation for a heterogeneous confined aquifer [50] ... 

A quantitative measure of the importance of any effect, and hence the associated variables, follows from the percentage contribution of each term on the right-hand side to the total variance on the left. The functional analysis of variance (ANOVA) in (14) goes back at least as far as Hoeffding (1948). 

Ion trap with an RF voltage applied to the ring electrode, providing the fundamental frequency v and its associated variable amplitude V. Instead of injecting ions, electrons may be injected for internal ionization. Variable RF voltage can be applied to the end caps for ion excitation or ion ejection. 

Under normal circumstances, the scale factor is one of the few least squares parameters, which is always kept as a free variable in a Rietveld refinement. Since in this particular example, all profile and lattice parameters have been refined using Le Bail s approach, the next reasonable step is to release all associated variables before proceeding with individual atomic parameters (the scale factor remains a least squares free variable). As expected, the resultant change in the figures of merit, listed in third row in Table 7.3, is small because the background, peak shape and lattice parameters are already quite accurate. 

PROLOG systematically goes through all its facts and rules and tries to find all the ways it can associate variables with particular values so that the initial query is satisfied. 

W2) is the Hildebrand solubility parameter, which is calculated from the molar heat of vaporization. The coefficients of the independent variables are understood in the present case to represent the sensitivity of the rate to the associated variables. 

The Legendre transformation can immediately be extended to functions of several variables. Actually, let us consider a function A(xlf. . . , xj and the associated variables... 

Consider a general processing system with its associated variables as shown in Figure 2.1. To investigate how the behavior of a chemical process (i.e., its outputs) changes with time under the influence of changes in the external disturbances and manipulated variables and consequently design an appropriate controller, we can use two different approaches ... 

Every chemical process and its associated variables can be described pictorially as shown in Figure 5.1. The main block represents the process, while the arrows indicate the inputs and outputs of the process. 

Factor (Process variable) Associated variable Lower limit (coded -1) Centre (coded 0) Upper limit (coded +1)... 

Instead of using the above experimental design, we could have tried the "one-factor-at-a-time approach". The effect of changing the percentage binder, associated variable from 0.5% (level -1) to 1.0% (level +1) may be determined by carrying out two experiments each with all other factors held constant, the responses being y, and y j. We calculate the effect of X, by ... 

Factor Associated variable Normal value Levels -1 +1 ... 

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