Human innate immune response

There is only one known type II IFN, IFN-y, discovered in 1965 (Wheelock and Sibley 1965). IFN-y is exclusively produced by immune cells, such as activated thymus-derived T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, after stimulation by foreign antigens or mitogens in the early stages of the innate immune response (Boehm etal. 1997). The human IFN-y gene maps to chromosome 12. IFN-y is a noncovalent... 

Although controversial, findings as to how chronically administered morphine modulates neutrophil chemotaxis and function, a growing consensus believes that morphine is suppressive in the recruitment and functional aspects of these cells during an innate immune response. When peripheral human blood neutrophils were pretreated with exogenous opioids, lL-8-induced chemotaxis was inhibited (Grimm et al. 1998). Conversely, Simpkins et al. reported an increase in neutrophil chemotaxis... 

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans, comprising about two thirds of peripheral blood leukocytes. Upon tissue injury, they rapidly infiltrate injury sites and play an important role in innate immune responses. In addition, they also contribute to the development of adaptive immune responses by producing an array of cytokines and chemokines. Tissue infiltration of neutrophils is initiated by signals generated by the interaction between chemoattractants produced at sites of injury and their corresponding cell surface receptors. Classical chemoattractants, such as C5a, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-... 

Microbial virulence is often the outcome of the complex interactions that take place as the pathogen establishes itself in the human host. The molecular determinants of pathogenicity include factors that cause damage to the host cell and those that help the microbe establish productive infection for survival [35]. The human host immune response counters the presence of these microbes with its acquired or innate immune response arsenal with outcomes that range from acute to chronic or latent infections. A clear definition of the host and microbial... 

Fehniger T-A, Shah MH, Turner MJ, VanDeusen JB, Whitman SP, Cooper MA, Suzuki K, Wechser M, Goodsaid F, Caligiuri MA Differential cytokine and chemokine gene expression by human NK cells following activation with IL-18 or lL-15 in combination with lL-12 implications for the innate immune response. J Immunol 1999 162 4511-4520. 

In monocytes stimulated with Toll-like receptor-triggering bacterial products, histamine inhibits the production of proinflammatory IL-1-like activity, TNF-a, IL-12 and IL-18, but enhances IL-10 secretion, through HR2 stimulation [26, 69]. Histamine also downregulates CD 14 expression via Hj receptors on human monocytes [70]. The inhibitory effect of histamine via Hj receptor appears through the regulation of ICAM-1 and B7.1 expression, leading to the reduction of innate immune response stimulated by LPS [71]. 

Despite the unresolved issues regarding the relative importance and the exact physiological roles of the direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides, there is overwhelming evidence that the peptides play a pivotal role in the mammalian innate immune response. Human disease... 

Vidal, K., Labeta, M. O., Schiffrin, E. J., and Donnet-Hughes, A. (2001). Soluble CD14 in human breast milk and its role in innate immune responses. Acta Odontol. Scand. 59,330-334. 

Karlsson, H., Hessle, C., and Rudin, A. 2002. Innate immune response of human neonatal cells to bacteria from the normal gastrointestinal flora. Infect Immun 70 6688-6696. 

Cosseau, C., Devine, D.A., Dullaghan, E. et al. 2008. The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. Infect Immun 76 4163-4175. 

JackCS, Arbour N, Manusow J, Montgrain V, Blain M, McQ-eaE, Shapiro A, Alltel JP (2005) TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human miaoglia and asdocyles. J Immunol 175 4320-4330. 

---