Hydrolysate formula, protein

Kelley RI (1991) Octenylsuccinic aciduria in children fed protein-hydrolysate formulas containing modified cornstarch. Pediatr Res 30 564-569... 

Fig. 7.1 Complexity of protein in human mUk/standard formulas, hydrolysate formulas, and amino acid-based...

Protein digestibility and amino acid composition differ among the various forms of protein. Standard infant formulas and breast milk contain whole protein where all amino acids form a complex bond or polypeptide. Other infant formulas contain protein hydrolysates where protein is... 

Modification of a food to make it less harmful by removing potential toxins or allergens may create a functional food. Using this criterion, infant formula, protein hydrolysates, low-sodium salt substitutes, low-fat dairy products, and low-erucic-acid rapeseed oil (canola oil) might be considered functional foods. 

Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) (4-hydroxyphenylalanine ((5)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid)) is a polar, neutral, aromatic amino acid with the formula H00CCH(NH2)CH2C6H50H and is the precursor of thyroxin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and the pigment melanin. Being the precursor amino acid for the thyroid gland hormone thyroxin, a defect in this may result in hypothyroidism. Tyr is extremely soluble in water, a property that has proven useful in isolating this amino acid from protein hydrolysates. The occurrence of tyrosine- 0-sulfate as a constituent of human urine and fibrinogen has been reported. ... 

Traditionally, the production of mAbs uses complex culture media containing glucose and amino acids as the main sources of carbon for cell metabolism, as well as vitamins, micronutrients and sometimes animal serum, usually fetal bovine serum. Chapter 5 provides a discussion on composition of culture media and recent trends in the search for formulas that do not require the use of animal serum, or of proteins of animal origin. These serum-free formulations use substitutes such as peptones, epithelial and fibroblast growth factors, hydrolysates, yeast extract, choline, and inositol. For the production of mAbs, various serum-free formulas are available, some of these developed specifically for a given cell line (Chu and Robinson, 2001). The development of those media is easier for non-anchorage-dependent cells, such as those used for mAb production. Thus, approximately 50% of the antibodies for therapeutic use are already produced using serum-free media. In some circumstances, the elimination of serum should be accompanied by the addition of other substances with the same shear stress protective effect of serum proteins,... 

The earliest commercial milk protein enzymatic modification dates back to the 1940s, when the first formulas for allergenic infants were made. The aims of this process were to reduce allergenicity as well as to change the functional properties of proteins while preserving their nutritional value for clinical use. Unfortunately the hydrolysates thus obtained were characterized by bitter taste, and for mainly this reason proteolysis, as a technological process, enjoyed very little popularity. 

Ostrom, K.M., Borschel, M.W., Westcott, J.E., Richardson, K.S., Kerbs, N.F. 2002. Lower calcium absorption in infants fed casein hydrolysate- and soy protein-based infant formulas containing palm olein versus formulas without palm olein. J. Am. College Nutr. 21, 654-659. 

In the early attempts to identify the nitrogenous bases of desoxy-ribosenucleic acid, some confusion arose for two reasons. At first, the products obtained by hydrolysis of nucleoprotein were studied, and there was no assurance that any particular base came from the nucleic acid rather than from the protein. Then, when the nucleic acid itself became available, the hydrolytic agents at first employed were sufficiently drastic to cause some deamination of the amino-purines (with the production of some xanthine and hypoxanthine) and some demethylation of thymine to uracil. In 1874, Piccard isolated guanine (and h3T>oxanthine) from sperm nuclein. Kossel and Neumann discovered in the hydrolysate of thymus nucleic acid two new pyrimidine bases which they named thy-mine and cytosine but they assigned incorrect empirical formulas to them. In 1894, they correctly described thymine as CsHgOjNs, but cytosine was not purified and characterized till much later. " " Levene now analyzed a series of nucleic acids from a variety of sources and found " that they all contained guanine and adenine. By mild hydrolysis of thymus nucleic acid, Steudel obtained guanine and adenine as the sole purine bases and demonstrated that they occur in equi-molecular proportions. Levene and Mandel confirmed this result and showed that the two purine bases and the two pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine) all occur in thymus nucleic acid in equimolecular proportions. 

In the first clinical demonstration of specific probiotic strains modifying the changes related to allergic inflammation (i.e. tertiary prevention), a randomised double-blind controlled trial was carried out in Finland. A small number of infants who manifested atopic eczema while exclusively breast-feeding were weaned to probiotic supplemented Bifidobacterium lactis or Lactobacillus) extensively hydrolysed whey formulas, or to the same formula without probiotics. A significant improvement in skin condition occurred in patients given probiotic-supplemented formulas. The concentration of soluble CD4 in serum and eosinophilic protein X in urine were reduced, indicating that probiotics may counteract inflammatory responses beyond the intestinal milieu [186(Ib)]. 

Proteolytic hydrolysates are increasingly used with patients suffering from protein hypersensitivity. Both the first-generation hydrolysates of casein and the second generation whey protein hydrolysates are highly hydrolyzed. Recently, third generation, less degraded, whey protein hydrolysates have been described [122]. Infant formulas based on cow s milk protein have been widely used as supplements or substitutes [180]. However, bovine milk proteins... 

Figure 7 Allergenic character of products obtained from cow s milk proteins by food processing or enzymatic modifications. (1) Cow s milk (2) Na-caseinate (3) kefir (4) yogurt (5) cheese (6,7,8) a-chymotryptic, tryptic, and peptic hydrolysates of casein, respectively (9,10,11) a-chymotryptic tryptic, and peptic EPM products of casein, respectively (12,13) a-chymotryptic and tryptic EPM products of casein, respectively, with methionine enrichment (14,15) fractions of a-chymotryptic EPM products of casein (16,17) fractions of peptic EPM products of casein (18) commercial hypoallergenic formula.

Whey protein hydrolysates used in hypoallergic formulae preparations Nutritional fortification... 

Bacterial alkaline phosphatase is the gene product of phoA, a member of the pho regu-lon (Table 9.1). When the pho regulon is induced by low external quantities of phosphate, synthesis of this alkaline phosphatase can represent as much as 6 mole% of total protein synthesis, and enzyme activity per cell can increase 1000-fold (Coleman and Gettins, 1983). The enzyme is synthesized as 43,000 Da monomers, which are transported to the periplasmic space and become active only after dimerization. As with many alkaline phosphatases, this enzyme accepts a broad range of substrates, which it hydrolyses at similar rates (Fernley and Walker, 1967 Reid and Wilson, 1971). Substrates are compounds with the general formula... 

The focus of the current assessment is use of carrageenans in infant liquid formulas. It has been proposed that carrageenan could be used at maximum concentrations of 0.03 g/100 ml in milk- and soy-based formulas and 0.1 g/100 ml in hydrolysed protein- and/or amino acid-based liquid infant formulas. 

Data submitted summarizing customer complaint records for cow s milk-and soy-based infant formulas with and without carrageenan content did not reveal statistical differences between these groups with respect to blood in stool or upper respiratory tract infections. The Committee noted that these records did not relate to hydrolysed protein- and/or amino acid-based liquid formulas and that such reports would be unlikely to reveal subtle adverse effects. One epidemiological study indicated an association between consumption of carrageenan and incidence of mammary cancer. The Committee concluded that these data did not support a causal relationship because of limitations in the methodology and lack of adjustments for acknowledged risk factors for mammary carcinoma. 

Synonyms 2-Hydroxy-1-propanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-(coco-alkyl)-, 3-hydrolyzed wheat protein, chlorides Protein hydrolysates, wheat germ, [3-(coco alkyl dimethylammonio)-2-hydroxypropyl], chlorides Classification Quaternary ammonium chloride Formula [RN(CH3)2CH2CHOHCH2RTCr, R=alkyl groups from coconut oil, R =hydrolyzed wheat protein moiety... 

Chemical Description Hydrolysate of milk protein Trade Name Hydrolactin 2500 Function in Formula Skin conditioner... 

Chemical Description Hydrolysate of wheat proteins containing oligosaccharides Trade Name Cropeptide W Function in Formula Moisturizer... 

Chemical Description Hydrolysate of wheat protein Trade Name Hydrotritium 2000 Function in Formula Conditioner... 

Chemical Description Polymer hydrolysate of soy protein reacted with dimethicone copolyol phosphate via an alkyl chloride bridge to form a copolymer Trade Name PECOSIL SSP Function in Formula Conditioner/film former... 

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