Eczema, atopic

The impact of gender on the onset of anaphylaxis is age-dependent. In children, boys predominate whereas after puberty this relationship reverses (fig. 3). Similar observations have been described for allergic asthma but not atopic eczema previously [41]. 

Wollenberg A. Kraft S. Hanau D. Bieber T Immuno-morphological and ultrastructural characterization of Langerhans cells and a novel, inflammatory dendritic epidermal cell population in lesional skin of atopic eczema. J Invest Dermatol 1996 106 446-453. 

Bieber T. Braun-Falco O IgE-bearing Langerhans cells are not specific to atopic eczema but are found in inflammatory skin diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991 24 658-659. 

McNally NJ, Phillips DR, Williams HC. The problem of atopic eczema ae-tiological clues from the environment and lifestyles. Soc Sci Med 1998 46 729-741. 

The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema ISAAC. Lancet 1998 351 1225-1232. 

The symptoms of many chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are caused in large part by an excessive and chronic inflammatory response and are therefore potential human diseases for drugs which inhibit the SSAO/VAP-1 activity. Notably, it has been recently shown that patients suffering from either atopic eczema or psoriasis, both chronic inflammatory skin disorders, demonstrate an increase in SSAO/VAP-1 positive vessels in their skin compared to skin from healthy controls [47,48]. 

Mothes N, Niggemann B, Jenneck C, Hagemann T, Weidinger S, Bieber T, Valenta R, Novak N The cradle of IgE autoreactivity in atopic eczema lies in early infancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 116 706-709. 

Schnopp C, Rad R, Weidinger A, Weidinger S, Ring J, Eberlein B, Ollert M, Mempel M Fox-P3-positive regulatory T cells are present in the skin of generahzed atopic eczema patients and are not particularly affected by medium-dose UVAl therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2007 23 81-85. 

In addition to SFPs, enterotoxins may participate in the development of atopic eczema (Morishita et ah, 1999 Wehner and Neuber, 2001) and menstrual toxic-shock syndrome (MTSS) (Morishita et ah, 1999). 

Lipid-based carrier systems have been investigated to improve treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic eczema and psoriasis by glucocorticoids and T-cell inhibitors such as ciclosporin and tacrolimus. 

Ketoconazole and coal tar are available as preparations intended for scalp application and are indicated against dandruff and psoriasis or chronic atopic eczema respectively. 

Billich A, Aschauer H, Aszodi A, Stuetz A. (2004) Percutaneous absorption of drugs used in atopic eczema Pimecrolimus permeates less through skin than corticosteroids and tacrolimus. Int J Pharm 269 29-35. 

N.A. Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins.103,118,152 Treat asthma, arteriosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, atopic eczema, schizophrenia, diabetic neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases, antitumor. 

Probiotics are the first compounds tested to treat allergic disease, which are based on the concept of the hygiene hypothesis. The preliminary results have shown that the use of probiotics reduces the risk of the development of atopic eczema however, additional clinical trials are needed before their approval for use in a wider population. Other immunomodulatory compounds derived from bacteria (CpGs), mycobacteria and helminths are also being tested to prevent allergic disease. 

Glaucoma and ocular hypertension have been reported after dermal application of glucocorticoids for facial atopic eczema (SEDA-19,376) (64), and after treatment with beclomethasone by nasal spray and inhalation (SEDA-20, 373 65). 

A 30-year-old man with recurrent atopic eczema of the head and neck, generalized xerosis, keratosis pilaris of the arms, and a history of dyshidrosis was initially treated with prednisolone-21-acetate ointment (305). His skin eruption became worse. He was given oral... 

Glucocorticoid creams applied topically to the skin are routinely used in the treatment of many skin disorders, and their use on the face in severe atopic eczema is relatively common. Three patients developed advanced glaucoma while using topical facial glucocorticoids. Two other patients developed ocular hypertension secondary to topical facial glucocorticoids (430). 

Skin manifestations of accompanying atopic eczema require a parallel local anti-inflammatory therapy, specifically with topic corticoids, anti-itching preparations and various fatty ointments. In the future, tacrolimus and pime-crolimus preparations might play a special role because they are able to substitute the application of corticoids [18]. 

The most severe side effects, which may occur during SLIT, consist of the allergic symptoms themselves such as allergic rhinitis, asthma attacks or atopic eczema [31]. Anaphylactic reactions are not expected, because allergens do not penetrate the mucosa in an unlimited way, thus entering blood vessels, as is possible after injections. 

Glover MT, Atherton DJ A double-blind controlled trial of hyposensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 1992 22 440-446. 

Kowalzick L, Kleinheinz A, Neuber K, Weichenthal M, Kohler I, Ring J Elevated serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 in patients with severe atopic eczema and influence of UVA1 treatment. Dermatology 1995 190 14-18. 

A number of clinical implications of drug reservoir formation in the upper skin layers by delivery from liposomes have been reported [4-6,13], From these studies it appears that the efficiency of liposomal-incorporated drugs was superior to other formulations in the treatment of disorders, which do not affect the deep layers of the skin. For example, in a doubleblind, randomized paired study on patients suffering from atopic eczema or psoriasis vulgaris, a liposomal betamethasone dipropionate was more efficient than a nonliposomal preparation in eczematous but not in psoriatic patients [6],... 

Korting, H.C., et al. 1990. Liposome encapsulation improves efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate in atopic eczema but not in psoriasis vulgaris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 39 349. 

Evening primrose oil is rich in the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and its metabolite, y-linolenic acid. In the U.K., evening primrose oil preparations have received approval as medicines for the relief of atopic eczema and for the symptomatic treatment of breast pain. 

In both types of common ichthyosis, scaling is usually most apparent on the extensor surface of the extremities, but it may also appear on the trunk, especially in XRI (Figure 8.2). Xerosis of the skin is a prominent feature in most patients, but there is no skin inflammation unless ichthyosis is complicated by, for example, atopic eczema (common in IV) or microbial infections. 

Oliwiecki, S., Burton, J.L., Elies, K., and Horrobin, D.F., Level of essential and other fatty acids in plasma and red cell phospholipids from normal controls and patients with atopic eczema, Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockh), 71, 224,1991. 

Wright, S. and Bolton, C.H., Breast milk fatty acid composition in mothers of children with atopic eczema, Br. J. Nutr., 62, 693, 1989. 

Wright, S. and Burton, J.L., Evening primrose seed oil improves atopic eczema, Lancet, ii, 1120, 1982. 

Schalin-Karrila, M., Mattila, L., Jansen, C.T., and Uottila, P., Evening primrose oil in the treatment of atopic eczema effect on clinical status, plasma phospholipid fatty acids and circulating blood prostaglandins, Br J. Dermatol., 117, 11, 1987. 

Morse, P.F., Horrobin, D.F., Manku, M.S. etal., Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response, Br. J. Dermatol., 121, 75, 1989. 

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