Clonorchis sinensis

Chinese Liver Fluke. The adult worm of the Chinese Hver fluke Clonorchis sinensis) can grow to be 2 cm long. Worms infect the bihary tree where they cause local inflammation, diarrhea, and hepatomegaly in the acute infection. Progressive biUary obstmction and cirrhosis can occur in the more advanced disease state. The presence of 20—200 worms is common, but they may number over 20,000. Infection is the consequence of eating raw fish that contain viable parasites. Untreated worms can Hve for up to 30 years. Treatment is with pra2iquantil (1). 

Clonorchiasis (Chinese liver fluke) Clonorchis sinensis Praziquantel... 

Albendazole has a broad spectrum of activity against intestinal nematodes and cestodes, as well as the fiver flukes Opisthorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Clonorchis sinensis It also has been used successfully against Giardia lambfia. Albendazole is an effective treatment of hydatid cyst disease (echinococcosis), especially... 

Liver flukes (see Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchisfelineus and Opisthorchis viverrini)... 

Clonorchis sinensis (liver fluke) Opisthorchis species Praziquantel Albendazole... 

Hong, S.J. Seong, K.Y. Sohn, W.M. Song, K.Y. Molecular cloning and immunological characterization of phosphoglycerate kinase from Clonorchis sinensis. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 108, 207-216 (2000)... 

Bae, Y.A. and Kong, Y. (2003b) Evolutionary course of Csrnl long-terminal-repeat retrotransposon and its heterogeneous integrations into the genome of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Korean Journal of Parasitology 41, 209-21 9. 

Bae, Y.A., Moon, S.Y., Kong, Y., Cho, S.Y. and Rhyu, M.G. (2001) Csrnl, a novel active retrotransposon in a parasitic trematode, Clonorchis sinensis, discloses a new phylogenetic clade of Ty3/gypsy-like LTR retro-transposons. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1 8, 1474-1483. 

Lee, J.S., Lee, J., Park, S.J. and Yung, T.S. (2003) Analysis of the genes expressed in Clonorchis sinensis adults using the expressed sequence tag approach. Parasitology Research 91, 283-289. 

Nagano, I., Pei, F., Wu, Z., Wu, J., Cui, H., Boonmars, T. and Takahashi, Y. (2004) Molecular expression of a cysteine proteinase of Clonorchis sinensis and its application to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis. Clinical, Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology 11, 411 f16. 

Clonorchis sinensis, a fluke common in the Far East, is a trematode that uses fish as one of its intermediate hosts and fish-eating maimnals, including humans, as a final host. The adult C. sinensis flukes eventually make their way through the bUe ducts to the liver of the host. 

Fig. 25.9 Egg of Clonorchis sinensis in bile fluid (obtained by a nasogastroduodenal probe)...

Chow, C.W., Allen, P.W. Clonorchis sinensis infestation of hver associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Pathology 1978 10 174—175... 

Kim, S.H., Park, Y.N., Yoon, D.S., Lee, S.J., Yu, J.S., Noh, T.W. Composite neuroendocrine and adenocarcinoma of the common bile duct associated with Clonorchis sinensis a case report. Hepato-Gastroent-erol. 2000 47 942-944... 

Schwartz, D.A. Helminths in the induction of cancer Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis and cholangiocarcinoma. Trop. Geogr. Med. 1980 32 95-100... 

Hexachloroparaxylene has been used in China and Russia as an antihelminthic drug, principally to treat the liver fluke infections (clonorchiasis due to Clonorchis sinensis, schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum, and opisthorchiasis due to Opisthorchiidae (1,2). However, other treatments are preferred. It is also used very extensively in the veterinary field in Russia. 

Cholangiocarcinoma, or primary carcinoma of the bile ducts, can arise at any point in the biliary tree, including the small intrahepatic bile duct radicals. This lesion is typically associated with underlying liver disease, such as (1) PSC, (2) congenital cystic lesions, or (3) chronic infestation with Clonorchis sinensis. The clinical picture presentation is that of cholestasis, including jaundice, dark urine, tan-colored stool, and pruritus. Differentiation from other cholestatic diseases is made by visualizing the biliary tree. 

These are particularly common in cattle sheep and goats producing significant economic losses. The major liver flukes which infect ruminants are Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Fascioloides tmgna, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Clonorchis sinensis and Opis-thorchis spp. These parasites usually cause hepatic problems in the animals. 

Liver fluke infection Fasciola hepatica, F. gi-gantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, Dicrocoelium dendriticum Emetine, dehydroemetine, bithionol, praziquantel, hexachlorophene, dithiazanine iodide... 

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