Atopic diseases

Katwijk M, Bos JD, Kapsenberg ML Serum-IgE-facilitated allergen presentation in atopic disease. J Immunol 1993 150 3643-3650. 

BRUNO G, MILITA o, FERRARA M, NISINI R, CANTANI A and BUSINCO L (1993) Prevention of atopic diseases in high-risk babies (long-term follow-up). Allergy Proc. 14 (3) 181-6. 

Allergic rhinitis is the most common atopic disease in the United States. 

AR is the most common atopic disease in the United States. It affects between 9% and 24% of adults and up to 42% of children.2,3 More than 80 million Americans experience 7 or more days of nasal-ocular symptoms annually as a result of AR.3 Additionally, AR is responsible for 3.5 million lost work days and 2 million missed school days annually in the United States.4 In addition to decreased quality of life from AR symptoms, patients also suffer from disrupted sleep, resulting in fatigue, irritability, memory deficits, excessive daytime somnolence, and depression that further reduce quality of life.5... 

Asthma is the most serious of the atopic diseases and has become epidemic, affecting more than 155 million individuals in the developed world. It is the most common chronic childhood disease in developed nations [1], and carries a very substantial direct and indirect economic cost worldwide [2]. A number of pharmacological treatments have been developed for asthma. These treatments have a modest efficacy overall, due in part to widely variable individual responses to asthma drugs. Because of such variability, it is clear that some of the substantial resources expended on asthma medication, estimated to exceed U.S. 3 billion per annum in the U.S. alone [3], would be better spent targeting those patients who... 

Children from anthroposophic schools (Steiner schools), children from neighbouring schools Dietary detail not reported, but consumption of fermented vegetables and organic food assessed Significant reduction in atopic disease in anthroposophic children (Aim et al., 1999)... 

Many studies have shown that Pb exposure can lead to immunodeficiencies [reviewed in 20], The most compelling studies show an increase in susceptibility to a variety of infectious agents in Pb intoxicated animals suggesting that Pb compromises protective immunity. It is fairly well-established that Pb intoxication lowers host resistance to pathogens and exacerbates morbidity and mortality associated with such infections. More recently, the spectrum of immunopathologies affected by Pb has widened reports have suggested that Pb exposure contributes to the heightened incidence of atopic diseases [21, 22],... 

Pb exposure at low to moderate levels appears to alter T lymphocyte responses in such a way as to increase the risk of atopic disease and some forms of autoimmunity. Increased IgE production following exposure to Pb is among the most frequently reported immune alteration, suggesting that Pb is a possible risk factor for allergic asthma [33, 34, 40, 91, 92] as well as later life allergic disease [32],... 

Pb-induced skewing of Th activity (biasing responses toward Th2) across a population would lead to the expectation of a greater risk of atopic disease and some forms of autoimmunity. Additionally, resistance to some infectious diseases could be reduced where reduced Thl and macrophage functional capacities occur. 

Holt, P.G., A potential vaccine strategy for asthma and allied atopic diseases during early childhood, Lancet, 344, 456, 1994. 

Other personal risk factors such as increased body mass index are being considered as to whether they are important to asthma [45,46], Whether emerging risk factors, along with the general increase in atopic diseases from the mid-1960s to the present [47] will have an impact on development and incidence of OA remain to be determined. 

Akdis M, Trautmaim A, Klunker S, Daigle I, Kiiciiksezer UC, Deglmann W, et ak T helper (Th)2 predominance in atopic diseases is due to preferential apoptosis of circulating memory/effector Thl cells. FASEB J 2003 17 1026-1035. 

Mclntire JJ, Umetsu SE, Macaubas C, Hoyte EG, Cinnioglu C, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Barsh GS, Hallmayer JF, Underhill PA, Risch NJ, Freeman GJ, DelG uyfF RH, Umetsu DT Immunology hepatitis A virus link to atopic disease. Nature 2003 425 576. 

The influence of environmental factors has been established, but remains controversial. The strategy of strict avoidance of exposure to bacteria, viruses, and allergens until sensitization diminishes belongs to the canons of prophylaxis and treatment of choice of atopic diseases. For years, elimination of allergens from the environment of potentially-affected patients was not undermined as the method for preventing allergy. According to medical instructions, children with an atopy in their case history should have stayed in virtually sterile conditions. 

Marsh, D.G., et al. (1995). Genetic basis of IgE responsiveness, relevance to the atopic diseases, Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 107, 25-28. 

Holla, L. L, Vasku, A., Izakovic, V., and Znojil, V. (2001) Variants of endothelin-1 gene in atopic diseases. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 11, 193-198. 

Kalliomaki, M., Ouwehand, A., Arvilommi, H., Kero, P., and Isolauri, E. (1999). Transforming growth factor-beta in breast milk A potential regulator of atopic disease at an early age. /. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 104,1251-1257. 

Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, et al. 2003. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease 4 year follow up of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 361 1869-1871. 

Seneviratne SL, Jones L, King AS, Black A, et al. 2002. Allergen specific CD8+ T cells in atopic disease. J Clin Inv. 110 P1283—1291. 

Strachan DP, Wong HJ, Spector TD. 2001. Concordance and interrelationship of atopic diseases and markers of allergic sensitization among adult female twins. J All Clin Immunol. 108 901-907. 

Wahn U, Bergmann R, Kulig M, Forster J, Bauer CP The natural course of sensitisation and atopic disease in infancy and childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997 8 16-20. 

Following recent studies relaying that an atopic ambiance induced by maternal factors can provoke a risk of atopic diseases in the child, it should be recognized that after birth preexisting atopic diseases present an enormous risk factor for additional sensitizations [20]. Immunotherapies are seen as a curative treatment, which reduces the severity of allergies or even cures them and thereby reduces the risk of new sensitizations. This has been well demonstrated for subcutaneous immunotherapies, but there are still no convincing results for SLIT [21,22],... 

The immunostimulatory properties of CpG ODNs make them attractive candidates for the modulation of immune responses leading to the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, atopic disease and malignancies. 

Amidinium lipid salts, 315 Anti-MDM2 oligonucleotides, 42 Antisense, 33 Antisense DNA, 37 Antisense RNA, 36 Aptamer, 34, 80 Atopic diseases, 476 Autoimmune diseases, 290 Autoimmune, 508... 

Jonhsson, C. C., Ownby, D. R., and Peterson, E. L. 1996. Parental history of atopic disease and concentration of cord blood IgE. Clin Exp Allergy 26 624-629. 

Kramer, M. S. and Kakuma, R. 2006. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 3 (July). 

The gastrointestinal system, which comprises the largest lymphoid tissue and microbial reservoir of the body, has received more attention during the last few years as a potential determiner in the development of atopic disease (Kalliomaki and Isolauri 2003). 

Rautava, S., Kalliomaki, M., and Isolauri, E. 2002. Probiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding might confer immunomodulatory protection against atopic disease in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109 119-121. 

Kalhomaki, M., Salminen, S., and Kero, P. 2001. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357 1076-1079. 

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