Virus Internalization

Borman, A. M., and Kean, K. M. (1997). Intact eukaryotic initiation factor 4G is required for hepatitis A virus internal initiation of translation. Virology 237, 129-136. 

Pestova, T. V., and Hellen, C. U. (2003). Translation elongation after assembly of ribosomes on the Cricket paralysis virus internal ribosomal entry site without initiation factors or initiator tRNA. Genes Dev. 17, 181—186. 

Kolupaeva, V.G., Fomakin, I.B., Pestova, T.V., and Hellen, C.U.T. (2003) Eukaryotic initiation factors 4G and 4A mediate conformational changes downstream of the initiation codon of the encephalomyocar-ditis virus internal ribosomal entry site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 687-698. 

Kruger, M., Beger, C., Li, Q.X., Welch, P.J., Tritz, R., Leavitt, M., Barber, J.R. and Wong-Staal, F. (2000) Identification of eIF2Bgamma and eIF2gamma as cofactors of hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation using a functional genomics approach. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97, 8566-8571. 

Anwar, A., Ali, N., Tanveer, R. and Siddiqui, A. (2000) Demonstration of functional requirement of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein by SELEX RNA during hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation initiation. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 34231-34235. 

Daum T Engels JW, Mag M, etal. Antisense deoxynucleotide inhibitor of splicing of mRNA of human immunodeficiency virus. Intern Virol 1992 89 7031-7035. 

FC EMEA FDA GCP GMO HAP HEPA HIV HTLV ICH European Commission European Medicines Agency Food and Drug Administration good clinical practices genetically modified organisms hamster antibody production high efficiency particulate air human immunodeficiency virus human T-Cell leukemia virus International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use... 

Because the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM-1 lacks typical signal sequences that mediate endocytosis, ICAM-1 may not directly regulate virus internalization. This notion is supported by experiments in which the... 

Long-term feeding bioassays (>72 h.) showed that 23 had a negative effect on the aphid s reproduction (table 9), without associated adult mortality [34], These results point out the potential that this bisabolene has for the control of plant virus transmission by non-persistent viruses (International Patent no. 9602748). 

Lettuce plants have been shown to become infected with big-vein virus when their roots become parasitized by zoospores of Olpidium brassicae released from the roots of infected lettuce plants. Presumably, according to Cadman (1965), the zoospores carry the virus internally and the evidence suggests that the virus survives within resting sporangia, even when they are stored dry. Other soil-borne viruses are undoubtedly transmitted in a similar manner by chytrid fungi but positive proof of this is not yet available. These viruses that are transmitted by chytrid fungi are not, so far as known, seed-borne in their hosts. 

The molecular basis for quasi-equivalent packing was revealed by the very first structure determination to high resolution of a spherical virus, tomato bushy stunt virus. The structure of this T = 3 virus was determined to 2.9 A resolution in 1978 by Stephen Harrison and co-workers at Harvard University. The virus shell contains 180 chemically identical polypeptide chains, each of 386 amino acid residues. Each polypeptide chain folds into distinct modules an internal domain R that is disordered in the structure, a region (a) that connects R with the S domain that forms the viral shell, and, finally, a domain P that projects out from the surface. The S and P domains are joined by a hinge region (Figure 16.8). 

Figure 16.10 The arms of all 60 C subunits in tomato bushy stunt virus form an internal framework, (a) Configuration of interdigitated arms from the three C subunits, viewed down a threefold axis. The p strands are shown as arrows, (b) Cutaway view of the virus particle, emphasizing the framework function of the C-subunit arms. These arms are shown as chains of small balls, one per residue. The region where three arms meet and interdigitate is shown schematically in (a). The main part of each subunit is represented by large balls. Only about one hemisphere of these is drawn, but all the C-subunit arms are included.

The circumstances under which water becomes contaminated are as varied as the ways water is taken internally. It is then conceivable that almost any virus could be transmitted through the water route. The increased use of water for recreational purposes increases the incidence of human contact with bodies of water and, consequently, with waterborne viruses and bacteria. The major waterborne viruses among pathogens, and the most likely candidates for water transmission, are the picornaviruses (from pico, meaning very small, and RNA, referring to the presence of nucleic acid). The characteristics of picornaviruses are shown in Table 1. Among the picornaviruses are the enteroviruses (polioviruses, coxsackieviruses. 

Deval J, D Abramo CM, GOtte M (2006) Selective excision of non-obUgate chain-terminators by the hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase. In 16th international HIV Drug Resistance workshop, Sitges, Spain, June 13-17, 2006. Antivir Ther 11 Suppl 1 S3 (abstract no 1)... 

Nucleoside inhibitors of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase improved potency and liver targeting with 7-deaza-7-fluoro-2 -C-methyladenosine. In Late breaker presentations. 20th international conference on antiviral research, Palm Springs, CA, USA, April 29-May 3, 2007, LB-01... 

Wyles DL, Schooley RT, Kaihara KA, Beadle JR, Hostetler KY (2008) Anti-hepatitis C virus repli-con activity of alkoxyalkyl esters of (S)-HPMPA and other acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. In Abstracts of the 21st international conference on antiviral research, Montreal, QC, Canada, 13-17 April 2008. Antiviral Res 78 A21, no 15... 

Wolters LM, van Nunen AB, Honkoop P, Vossen AC, Niesters HG, Zondervan PE, de Man RA (2000) Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus. J Viral Hepat 7 428 34 Wong DK, Cheung AM, O Rourke K, Naylor CD, Detsky AS, Heathcote J (1993) Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 119 312-323... 

Diago M, Hassanein T, Rodes J, Ackrill AM, Sedarati F (2004) Optimized virologic response in hepatitis C virus genotype 4 with peginterferon-alpha2a and ribavirin. Ann Intern Med 140(l) 72-73... 

HavUr DV, Richman DD (1996) Viral dynamics of HIV implications for drug development and therapeutic strategies. Ann Intern Med 124(11) 984—994 Hinrichsen H, Benhamou Y, Wedemeyer H, Reiser M, Sentjens RE, Calleja JL, Foms X, Erhardt A, Cronlein J, Chaves RL, Yong CL, Nehmiz G, Steinmann GG (2004) Short-term antiviral efficacy of BILN 2061, a hepatitis C virus serine protease inhibitor, in hepatitis C genotype I patients. Gastroenterology 127(5) 1347-1355... 

Figure 38-10. Picornavimses disrupt the 4F complex. The 4E-4G complex (4F) directs the 40S ribosomal subunit to the typical capped mRNA (see text). 4G alone is sufficient for targeting the 40S subunit to the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of viral mRNAs. To gain selective advantage, certain viruses (eg, poliovirus) have a protease that cleaves the 4E binding site from the amino terminal end of 4G. This truncated 4G can direct the 40S ribosomal subunit to mRNAs that have an IRES but not to those that have a cap. The widths of the arrows indicate the rate of translation initiation from the AUG codon in each example.

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