Health types

The current classification of diabetes was introduced by the National Diabetes Data Group (1979), a division of the National Institutes of Health. Type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (formerly named juvenile-onset or ketosis-prone diabetes) and Type II or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (formerly known as maturity-onset or adult-onset diabetes). Type II is encountered as a nonobese and obese type, with the latter predominating. 

This may also have been a factor in the conquering of the known world by the Roman Legions. Expeditionary and seige forces, even today but much more so then, are at risk for water-borne diseases. The practice of the Roman army to carry with it substantial wine suppHes is seen as sound militarily for health reasons, rather than just from the standpoint of the enjoyment of the soldiers. Recent study indicates that tourist-type diarrheas are less frequently encountered if wine is consumed rather than water, even bottled water (20). 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. Formerly, there was an Insulation Board Institute representing the insulation board industry, but the decline in the market and number of producers has led to its demise. Currently (ca 1997), the industry is represented by the American Hardboard Association (AHA). Specifications and standards are found in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for CellulosicFiberboard (7). The standard includes descriptions of the various types and classes of ftberboard, as well as requirements for physical and dimensional stabiUty properties. QuaUty control tests are limited to a few basic strength and stabiUty tests, including bending strength, bond strength, and moisture resistance. 

Several studies on FWAs have concluded that diarninostilbenedisulfonic acid/cyanuric chloride (DAS/CC) and distyrylbiphenyl (DSBP) type whiteners are of a low order of toxicity. Thek safety has been extensively reviewed by governmental agencies there is no evidence of human health ha2ards. FWA producers and users consider these products to be both safe and beneficial to the ultimate consumer. This view is supported by appropriate trade associations. A comprehensive review of available safety and environmental data has been pubflshed (82). In addition, principal suppHers are conducting life cycle analyses on the primary whiteners in use (ca 1993). 

Hexane is classified as a flammable liquid by the ICC, and normal handling precautions for this type of material should be observed. According to the ACGIH, the maximum concentration of hexane vapor in air to which a worker may be exposed without danger of adverse health effects is 125 ppm benzene is rated at 10 ppm. 

It is difficult to define the normal range of iodine intake in humans, and despite efforts to provide iodine supplementation in many geographic areas of the world, endemic iodine deficiency and attendant goiter remain a world health problem (147). Exposure to excess iodine may sometimes lead to the development of thyroid disease. This unusual type of iodide-induced goiter has been found, for example, in 10% of the population of a Japanese island where fishermen and their families consume large quantities of an iodine-rich seaweed and have an iodine intake as high as 200 mg/d (148). 

Mineral spirits, a type of petroleum distillate popular for use in solvent-based house paints, consist mainly of aUphatic hydrocarbons with a trace of aromatics. This type of solvent finds use in oil- and alkyd-based house paints because of its good solvency with typical house paint binders and its relatively slow evaporation rate which imparts good bmshabiUty, open-time, and leveling. Other properties include lower odor, relatively lower cost, as well as safety and health hazard characteristics comparable to most other organic solvents. 

Health and Safety. Remover formulas that are nonflammable may be used in any area that provides adequate ventilation. Most manufacturers recommend a use environment of 50—100 parts per million (ppm) time weighted average (TWA). The environment can be monitored with passive detection badges or by active air sampling and charcoal absorption tube analysis. The vapor of methylene chloride produces hydrogen chloride and phosgene gas when burned. Methylene chloride-type removers should not be used in the presence of an open flame or other heat sources such as kerosene heaters (8). 

Living Conditions. An investigation of the following community quahty-of-life considerations, which are considered important in attracting personnel to relocate, is necessary living conditions, ie, house availabiUty, costs, and safety schools, ie, quaUty, class size, and distance health care, ie, avadabihty of a major hospital and local doctors recreational facihties, ie, types and proximity cultural, ie, musical, plays, and movie theaters and sports, ie. Major or Minor League teams. 

The NRC has developed special procedures for the handling, transportation, and storage of nuclear fuel because radioactivity can be a health hazard if not properly shielded. Spent fuel is typically transported by rail or tmck in heavily shielded (Type B), sealed, thick metal shipping containers designed to withstand possible accidents, such as derailments or coHisions, which may occur during transport. The NRC certifies that each shipping container meets federal requirements. The U.S. Department of Transportation sets the rules for transportation. 

Most general-purpose release agents have been developed for this market in part because of their low toxicity and chemical inertness and do not usually present health and safety problems. Some of the solvent dispersions require appropriate care in handling volatile solvents, and many supphers are offering water-based alternatives. Some of the sohds, particularly finely divided hydrophobic sohds, can also present inhalation problems. Some of the metallic soaps are toxic, although there is a trend away from the heavier, more toxic metals such as lead. The reactive type of release coating with monomers, prepolymers, and catalysts often presents specific handling difficulties. The potential user with health and safety questions is advised to consult the manufacturer directly. 

Hazard identification involves gathering and evaluating data on the types of health injury or disease that may be produced by a chemical and on the conditions of exposure under which injury or disease is produced. It may also involve characterization of the behavior of a chemical within the body and the interactions it undergoes with organs, cells, or even parts of cells. Hazard identification is not risk assessment. It is a scientific determination of whether observed toxic effects in one setting will occur in other settings. 

Water resistance is an important factor in concrete and masonry constmetion for the safety, health, and comfort of buUding occupants (see Cement). Several texts on concrete constmetion describe the methods for obtaining water resistance (72—76). The term waterproof describes concrete and masonry that is completely impervious to water and its vapor, whether or not the water is under pressure. Waterproof constmetion involves the use of some type of barrier that covers aU surface pores or capUlaries. Water repeUent describes concrete or masonry that repels water without significantly reduced permeabUity to water vapor. In this discussion, concrete and masonry are used synonymously. 

Economic evaluation is an assessment of the probable benefit or reward of a proposed course of action, relative to other choices. Although the benefit usually takes the form of a financial return, in environmental management, transportation (qv), health care, and other social areas, the benefit may be a social gain instead. Some method is then developed to translate the social gain into a monetary equivalent. The discussion herein is limited to the financial return expected from some type of production or service activity. 

Neoprene Type TW was shown to have low oral toxicity in rats. The LD q was found to be in excess of 20,000 mg/kg. Human patch tests with Types GN, W, WRT, and WHV showed no skin reactions (169). The FDA status of Du Pont Neoprene polymers is described (172). Although polychloroprene itself has not been shown to have potential health problems, it should be understood that many mbber chemicals that may be used with CR can be dangerous if not handled properly. This is particularly tme of ethylenethiourea curatives and, perhaps, secondary amine precursors often contained in sulfur modified polychloroprene types. Material safety data sheets should be consulted for specific information on products to be handled. 

On-Site Storage Factors that must be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes include (1) the type of container to be used, (2) the container location, (3) public health and aesthetics, (4) the collection methods to be used, and (5) future transport method. 

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