Open flame

Period movies, such as those starring Sherlock Holmes, often showed an oil lamp that was always burning and always ready for heating a test tube. Contemporary 

Fortunately, the use of oil lamps is now neither common nor necessary. Although there are modem substitutes for oil lamps, such as Bunsen and Fisher burners, they are not the heating mechanism of choice because most heating is done by electric mantels and stirrer/hot plates. There are too many drawbacks associated with open-flame heat sources for them to be considered the heat source of choice. The problems associated with these burners include the following  

Open flames may provide a too-intense and localized source of heat. 

Open flames may provide an ignition source for flammable gases or 

Open flames may fill a poorly vented room with carbon dioxide. 

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Benzoyl peroxide Direct sunlight, sparks and open flames, shock and friction, acids, alcohols, amines, ethers, reducing agents, polymerization catalysts, metallic naph-thenates... 

The xylene isomers are flammable Hquids and should be stored in approved closed containers with appropriate labels and away from heat and open flames. Limits for transportation by air are 5 L on passenger planes and 60 L on cargo planes. 

Both the hquid and cured 2-cyanoacryhc esters support combustion. These adhesives should not be used near sparks, heat, or open flame, or ia areas of acute fire ha2ard. Highly exothermic polymerization can occur from direct addition of catalytic substances such as water, alcohols, and bases such as amines, ammonia, or caustics, or from contamination with any of the available surface activator solutions. 

The third characteristic of interest grows directly from the first, ie, the high thermal conductance of the heat pipe can make possible the physical separation of the heat source and the heat consumer (heat sink). Heat pipes >100 m in length have been constmcted and shown to behave predictably (3). Separation of source and sink is especially important in those appHcations in which chemical incompatibilities exist. For example, it may be necessary to inject heat into a reaction vessel. The lowest cost source of heat may be combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. However, contact with an open flame or with the combustion products might jeopardize the desired reaction process. In such a case it might be feasible to carry heat from the flame through the wall of the reaction vessel by use of a heat pipe. 

Health and Safety. Remover formulas that are nonflammable may be used in any area that provides adequate ventilation. Most manufacturers recommend a use environment of 50—100 parts per million (ppm) time weighted average (TWA). The environment can be monitored with passive detection badges or by active air sampling and charcoal absorption tube analysis. The vapor of methylene chloride produces hydrogen chloride and phosgene gas when burned. Methylene chloride-type removers should not be used in the presence of an open flame or other heat sources such as kerosene heaters (8). 

Dust explosions usually occur in pairs. The first explosion involves dust already in suspension. This jars dust from beams, ledges, etc, creating a second cloud to which the explosion propagates, resulting in a secondary explosion. Dust clouds have been ignited by open flames, electric sparks, hot... 

Repeated or prolonged contact with the skin, especially under clothing, may result in local irritation and inflammation, and at elevated temperatures such as in the presence of an open flame, chloroform decomposes to form by-products, including phosgene, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride, all of which are severe irritants to the respiratory tract. 

Elevated pressures are required to keep water in the Hquid state. Liquid water cataly2es oxidation so that reactions proceed at relatively lower temperatures than would be required if the same materials were oxidi2ed in open flame combustion. At the same time, water moderates oxidation rates by providing a medium for heat transfer and removing excess heat by evaporation. 

Polyisoprene mbber is relatively nonhazardous, but must be kept away from sparks, open flames, or excessive heat because it will bum. The current Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should always be checked for known hazards before using polyisoprene or any other chemical materials. 

In a copper or iron kettle of 4-I. capacity is placed a solution of 200 g. of d-tartaric acid and 700 g. of sodium hydroxide in 1400 cc. of water. A 12-I. flask through which cold water is run is placed in the mouth of the kettle in order to prevent loss of water vapor, and the mixture is boiled gently over an open flame for four hours. The solution is now transferred to a 12-I. flask or crock and partially neutralized with 1400 cc. of commercial hydrochloric acid (density 1.19). To the still alkaline solution is now added just enough sodium sulfide to precipitate all the iron or copper which has been dissolved from the kettle (Note i). The filtered solution is then just acidified with hydrochloric acid, boiled to expel all hydrogen sulfide, and made very faintly alkaline to phenolphthalein with sodium hydroxide solution. To the hot solution is then added a concentrated solution of 300 g. of anhydrous calcium chloride which causes an immediate precipitation of calcium tff-tartrate and mesotartrate. 

A horizontally fired burner is located at one end of the heater. The flame extends along the central longitudinal axis of the heater. In this way the wickets are exposed to the open flame and can be subjected to a maximum rate of radiant heat transfer. The tubes should be sufficiently far away from the flame to prevent hot spots or flame pinching. 

The lower explosive limit (LEL) is the minimum concentration of a vapor in air that will support a flame when ignited. The flash point is the lowest temperature of a liquid that produces sufficient vapor for an open flame to ignite in air. 

While alkyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesives are used globally in a large variety of domestic and commercial settings, their physical and toxicological properties must be considered. Alkyl cyanoacrylate polymerization is a very exothermic reaction, so care must be taken to prevent the contamination of large quantities with any materials, which might initiate a very rapid, runaway reaction. Also, alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers and the polymers which they form, will burn, and users should avoid their use near sparks or open flames. 

Generation from combustion, i.e., open flame in the space... 

Exhaust sparks from engines and burners can be a source of ignition, Any open flame on the facility can also be a source of ignition. 

For a Source of Ignition to occur, there must be an Open Flame or an Electrical Ignition or Mechanical Ignition must be present. Therefore, box 3 is an or gate since only one situation need occur. 

Pouring the Resin. Controlled heat-curing (no open flame) at a temperature range of 250 to 300°F (121 to 149°C) is recommended and is required if ambient temperatures are less than 60°F (16°C) (which may vary with different resins). When controlled heat curing is not available and ambient temperatures are not less than 60°F (16°C), the attachment should not be disturbed and tension should not be applied to the socketed assembly for at least 24 hr. 

Three types of light sources for artificial weathering are in common use (1) enclosed UV carbon arc [7.5 UV energy output, approx. (x sunlight)], (2) open-flame sunshine carbon, and (3) water-cooled xenon arc. Selection of the light source involves many conditions and circumstances, such as the type of material being tested, product service conditions, previous testing experience, or the type of information desired. 

AN 76, N.S.N. 10, K nitrate 10, K perchlorate 2 resin 2% (2) Explosives patented by Distier, Blecher and Lopez (Refs 2 3) (a) AN 88 N.S.N. 12%. It is insensitive to shock or percussion and does not explode when heated to 200° or when ignited in an open flame, but detonates with considerable brisance when strongly initiated. The brisance may be reduced by substituting either K nitrate or Amm perchlorate for part of the AN. (b) AN 85,... 

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