Legislative action

Ultimately, the responsibility for properly implementing these legislative actions fell upon the local governments of counties and incorporated cities, towns, boroughs, and so on. In total there are over 2,000 counties in the United States and over 40,000 independent units of local government that have some ability to adopt, implement, and enforce energy codes. 

The reduction of atmospheric concentrations of the sulfur and nitrogen oxides blamed for acid rain was a major issue in the debate that led to the 1990 Clean Ail-Act Amendments (CAAA). The final legislative action is one of the most complex and comprehensive pieces of environmental legislation ever written. 

Another piece of legislative action to be considered is the OSPAR strategy regarding hazardous substances, known as the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of North-Atlantic . Among the OSPAR list of chemicals of priority action, surfactants NPEOs and so-called related substances, such as NP, are included among other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PCBs, PAHs and Hg, indicating that these compounds show a risk to the marine environment. 

Bill Summary and Legislative Action Vaccine Injured Children s Compensation Act of 2001, HR 1287, March 29, 2001, last major action April 16, 2001, Available at http //thomas.loc.gov... 

In terms of anthropogenic stress (the effect of human activity on other organisms), there is a need for the identification and evaluation of the potential impacts of proposed projects, plans, programs, policies, or legislative actions on the physical-chemical, biological, culmral, and socioeconomic components of the... 

In sum, the 1970s saw a flurry of legislative action on environmental issues that was to set the framework of the nation s policies for dealing with the pollution of air, water, and land resources. Almost all of this legislation has been modified, hut the guiding principles represented by the laws continue to influence the nation s environmental policies today. 

Some practices utilized by brand firms to delay generic competition have been the target of recent FTC and legislative actions. One concern was the practice of listing several new patents late in the product life cycle in an apparent effort to trigger successive 30-month stays to delay generic competition. To prevent this practice, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 limited each branded product to one 30-month stay (Padden and lenkins 2004). 

Quoted from National Rifle Association Instimte for Legislative Action. Fact Sheet Firearm Safety in America 2003. Available online. URL http //www. nraila.org/Issues/FactSheets/Read.aspx ID=120. Posted on September 8, 2003. Philip Cook, quoted in David Phinney et al. Gun Fight Seeking a Cease-Fire. ABC News online. Available online. URL http //abcnewsgo.com/sections/us/ DailyNews/guns damage.html. Posted on June 8, 1999. 

Tanya Metaksa, executive director of the National Rifle Association s lobbying unit, the Institute for Legislative Action. Articulate, intense, and energetic, Metaksa is often found on the front lines of the pundit circuit when gun control legislation is being debated in Congress. Metaksa s prominent role in the NRA leadership may also reflect the organization s conscious effort in recent years to appeal to women. 

Armed Citizens and Police Officers. National Rifle Association, Institute for Legislative Action. Available online. URL http //www.nraila.org/Issues/ Articles/Read.aspx ID=30. Posted on July 16, 1999. Compilation of incidents where armed citizens helped police officers subdue criminals. 

Right to Carry 2004. National Rifle Association, Institute for Legislative Action. Available online. URL http //www.nraila.org/Issues/FactSheets/ Read.aspx ID=18. Posted on September 11, 2003. Lists the states that have laws allowing for concealed carrying of a gun. Thirty-four states now have permissive shall issue laws Alabama and Connecticut have what the NRA calls fair discretionary carry laws Alaska and Vermont respect the right to carry without a permit. Sixty-four percent of Americans now live in states that have a right to carry. 

While some small strides were made during this time, the advance of World War I pushed aside any substantial legislative action. By the war s end, through the auspices of the newly created League of Nations, a new effort was made. In 1921, the... 

Selfishness Physicians have a duty to act in the best interests of their patients. Pharmaceutical companies have a duty not only to their shareholders, but also to the community at large. To fulfill their duty to the community, pharmaceutical companies must operate within the confines of socially acceptable behavior or risk loss of reputation, public boycotts, or legislative action. Socially unacceptable behavior by a company can ultimately lead to loss of business and become a failure in its duty to its shareholders. Both the physicians and the pharmaceutical companies or their employees must not compromise these public duties in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their families or their friends. 

Is the state of development of tagging sufficiently advanced to permit immediate or near-future legislative action ... 

The environmental impact of waste disposal and of chemical use in Europe has led to three legislative actions that, in today s global economy, greatly affect flame-retardant use and research. These actions go by the acronyms of RoHS (Reduction of Hazardous Substances), WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemical substances). These actions are discussed in detail in Chapter 22, but need to be mentioned here as they are clear examples of how changing regulations affect flame-retardant use, selection, and new fire-safety developments. The first one, RoHS, refers to how new items are manufactured, and specifically bans chemicals and elements of environmental and toxicological concern in Europe. One fall-out item of RoHS is the move from a lead-based solder on circuit... 

Policy level preparatory and executive legislative actions, international cooperation on policy issues, co-ordination/co-operation between ministries... 

PCBs are the archetypal group of compounds for which our conceptual model applies. Large reservoirs of PCBs remain in use and in storage, particularly in cities and industrial areas. As well, large reservoirs of PCBs exist in the soils, sediments, water, vegetation and biota of the world. PCBs permeate our food supply. Our exposure comes from multiple routes and, because of their ubiquity, it is possible to reduce, but not eliminate, one s exposure to PCBs. Legislative action has reduced but not stopped releases of fresh PCBs into the environment. 

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