Naphthalene polychlorinated

PCDE PCDF PCN PCT PCTPM PER PMF POM POP PVC Polychlorinated diphenylethers Polychlorinated dibcnzofuranes Polychlorinated naphthalenes Polychlorinated terphenyls Polychlorinated triphenylmethanes T etrachloroethylene Polycyclic synthetic musk substitutes Particulate organic matter Persistent organic pollutant Polyvinyl chloride... 

Castells P, Patera J, Santos FJ, Galceran MT (2008) Occurrence of polychlorinated naphthalenes, polychlorinated biphenyls and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in marine sediments from Barcelona (Spain). Chemosphere 70 1552-1562... 

In earlier editions of the Eniyclopedia there have been articles covering the properties, manufacture, capacities, etc, of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated naphthalenes, benzene hexachloride, and chlorinated derivatives of cyclopentadiene. These materials are no longer in commercial use because of their toxicity. However, they stiU impact on the chemical industry because of residual environmental problems. Their toxicity and environmental impact are discussed (see Cm.OROCARBONSANDCm.OROHYDROCARBONS, TOXIC aromatics). 

Alkylphenols, ammonia, asbestos, chlorinated paraffins, 4-chloroaniline, cyanide, detergents, di- -butyl phthalate, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs e.g. anthracene, benzopyrene, methylcholanthrene, /i-naphthoflavone), nitrate, nitrite, petroleum oil, phenol, pentachlorophenol, 4-nitrophenol, dinitro-o-cresol, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs especially coplanar), polychlorinated dioxins, polybrominated naphthalenes, /i-sitosterol, sulfide, thiourea, urea, acid water, coal dust... 

The pyrolysis of vinylidene chloride produced a range of chlorinated aromatic compounds including polychlorinated benzenes, styrenes, and naphthalenes (Yasahura and Morita 1988), and a series of chlorinated acids including chlorobenzoic acids has been identified in emissions from a municipal incinerator (Mowrer and Nordin 1987). 

Hatta T, G Mukleijee-Dhar, J Damborsky, H Kiyohara (2003) Characterization of a novel thermostable Mn(ll)-dependent 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase from polychlorinated biphenyl- and naphthalene-degrading Bacillus sp. JE8. J Biol Chem 278 21483-21492. 

Pellizari VH, S Bezborodnikov, IF Quensen, JM Tiedje (1996) Evaluation of strains isolated by growth on naphthalene and biphenyl for hybridization of genes to dioxygenase probes and polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading ability. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2053-2058. 

Shimura M, G Mukerjee-Dhar, K Kimbara, H Nagato, H Kiyohara, T Hatta (1999) Isolation and characterization of a thermophilic Bacillus sp. JE8 capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenyls and naphthalene. FEMS Microbiol Lett 178 87-93. 

Schnaak et al. [4] Polychlorinated terphenyls, naphthalenes, chloropesticides, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (BTEX), chlorobenzenes, poly aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 610), phenols, chlorophenols, phthalates, petroleum hydrocarbons, LAS and nonylphenol (NP), organotin compounds and 2,4-dichloroaniline 1 pg/kg to 10 mg/kg for chlorine-contained compounds 10 pg/kg to 1 g/kg for solvent and phenols 1 mg/kg to 10 g/kg for EPA610, DEHP, LAS, and mineral oils Sewage sludge... 

Su,Y., Lei, D.L. Daly, G.,Wania, F. (2002) Determination of octanol-air partition coefficient (KqA) values for chlorobenzenes and polychlorinated naphthalenes from gas chromatographic retention times. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 47, 449 455. 

Falandysz, J., Strandberg, L., Bergqvist, P.-A., Strandberg, B., Rappe, C. (1997) Spatial distribution and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) in mussel and fish from the Gulf of Gdansk, Baltic Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 203, 93-104. 

Hamer, T., Bidleman, T.F. (1998) Measurement of octanol-air partition coefficients for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated naphthalenes. J. Chem. Eng. Data 43, 40-46. 

Jamberg, U., Asplund, L., Jakobsson, E. (1994) Gas chromatographic retention behaviour of polychlorinated naphthalenes on nonpolar, polarizable, polar and smectic capillary columns. J. Chromatog. A 683, 385-396. 

Fig. 4 Scientific studies in sediments. HBCD hexabromocyclododecane PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls OCs organochlorine pesticides PCN polychlorinated naphthalene DDTs dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane...

Asplund, L., A.-K. Grafstrom, P. Haglund, B. Jansson, U. Jamberg, D. Mace, M. Strandell, and C. de Wit. 1990. Analysis of non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in Swedish dioxin survey samples. Chemosphere 20 1481-1488. 

Proposals for the EU to press for nine hazardous substances to be banned or severely restricted under two international treaties on persistent organic pollutants were issued by the European Commission in August. The substances include polychlorinated naphthalenes and the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether, concentrations of which were recently found to be rising in the Arctic environment and wildlife. 

Goerlitz and Law [59] determined chlorinated insecticides in sediment and bottom material samples, which also contained polychlorobiphenyls by extracting the sample with acetone and hexane. The combined extracts were passed down an alumina column. The first fraction (containing most of the insecticides and some polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes) was eluted with hexane and treated with mercury to precipitate sulphur. If the polychlorinated hydrocarbons interfered with the subsequent gas chromatographic analysis, further purification on a silica gel column was necessary. 

Apart from nitrobenzene, trichlorobenzene in particular was the preferred solvent up until a few years ago. It has now been replaced by other solvents such as high-boiling hydrocarbons (kerosene, naphthalene) and also alcohols and glycols, because traces of polychlorinated biphenyls may be formed. These are not easily degradable. With hydrocarbons, however, the possibility of fire and explosion must be considered in designing suitable production units. 

Tewis RG, Brown AR, Jackson MD. 1977. Evaluation of polyurethane foam for sampling of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated naphthalenes in ambient air. Anal Chem 49(12) 1668-1672. 

Figure 3.10 Experimental air sampling rates as a function of log Koa for PCBs—open circles Ockenden etal. (1998), diamond Petty etal. (1993), closed circles Huckinsetal. (1994), closed triangles Shoeib and Harner (2002) polychlorinated naphthalenes—open triangles Shoeib and Harner (2002) PAHs—closed squares Robertson (2004) and pesticides—open squares Robertson (2004).

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