Viscosity values

The straight line and consequently its coefficients are determined starting from two known viscosity values. 

The viscosity values have been displaced vertically from each other by arbitrary amounts for display purposes. 

Use Eq. (3.69) to evaluate the viscosity of the polymer at this temperature. For polystyrene M. = 30,000. Use the viscosity value calculated above and the entanglement correction procedure introduced in Example 3.7 to... 

Fig. 7. Approximate viscosity values for forming and processing methods (Pa-s x 10 = P).

In early hterature, the molecular weights of PVDC and VDC copolymers were characterized by the absolute viscosity of a 2 wt % solution in (9-dichlorobenzene at 140°C. The exact correlation between this viscosity value and molecular weight is not known. Gel-permeation chromatography is the... 

Values of the viscosity of gaseous carbon monoxide have been reported (5,8,15,16). Vapor viscosity values and their relationship to density have been tabulated over a wide range of conditions (15). Values for Hquid carbon monoxide may be obtained (7). 

Moonej Viscosity. This is a measurement of the viscosity of the polymer that is commonly used ia the mbber iadustry. Mooney viscosity values typically range from 25 to 100. Mooney viscosity generally relates to polymer molecular weight, with the lower Mooney viscosity polymers providing improved flow and processiag characteristics and the higher Mooney NBRs providing improved physical properties. 

For nonpolar, nonhydrocarbon vapor mixtures at high pressures, the method of Dean and Stiel [Eq- (2-102)] discussed earlier can be used. The accuracy of the method is excellent and dependent on the pure component viscosity values used as input parameters. 

As the name implies, the liquid injection incinerator is confined to hazardous liquids, slurries, and sludges with a viscosity value of 10,000 SUS (Saybold universal seconds) or less. This limitation reflects the requirement that a liquid waste be converted to a gas before combustion. This change is brought about in the combustion chamber and is generally expedited by increasing the waste surface area through atomiziition. An ideal droplet size is... 

Using Figure 3-56 or 3-57 enter GPM at value corresponding to peak efficiency, 1.0 Qnws and follow up to the corresponding head value, Hw, then move to the viscosity value of the liquid, and up to the correction factors Cg, Cq, Cj. ... 

Interactions with xanthan were investigated for some GAX fractions of wheat bran [109]. Whereas, for lowly substituted GaMs a synergy in viscosity was observed at low total polymer concentrations, yielding a maximum of the relative viscosity at nearly equal proportions of both polysaccharides [124], the xanthan/xylan mixtures at the same experimental conditions showed no synergy. The observed decrease in the relative viscosity values upon addition of the xylan indicates that a certain interaction with xanthan takes place, but that it leads to a contraction in the hydrodynamic volume. The authors suggested that structural and conformational differences between GaM and GAX might be the reason for this observation. 

As a function of viscosity values ofko between 0.45 and 0.021 cm s were found. 

Figure 4 shows the director profile at various ydv idy values. Figure 5 shows the corresponding effective viscosity values. Only one set of Leslie coefficients are presented, so no general conclusions can be drawn from the data on the rela-... 

The microstmcture appeared well mixed although co-continuity of the phases was not obvious. The blends appeared to have a continuous PP phase containing extended, yet isolated, SBR components as shown in Figure 11.17. It appeared to be similar to the microstmcture of the TPV-based on nylon and EPDM. The presence of entrapped air or mumal dissolution was not observed. As the fraction of PP increased, the microstmctures became clustered into larger PP and SBR single phases, with lower SBR-PP interface area. Both the materials were shear thinning. There is a large decrease in the viscosity of the composites at small shear rate. The viscosity values of the phases followed the equation... 

Fig. 20.5 CU2S nanowires (a), rods (b) and spheres (c) produced at 155°C for 120 min with Cu-thiolate precursors of different viscosity values (a) vac = 93.5 mPa/s ...

Takada and Nelson [25] reported a correlation between PPT value and Bostwick and efflux viscosity of tomato products. Thakur et al. [22] also showed a correlation between Bostwick and efflux viscosity and PPT value. They also reported a linear relationship between PPT value and serum viscosity (r =0.979), described by the equation, Y = 33 X-255 (X, PPT value Y, serum viscosity). As juice from transgenic fruits contained higher PPT value, its higher viscosity values are in line with the reported literature. 

For polymer-solvent systems with known Mark-Houwink coefficients, K and a, the polymer intrinsic viscosity value [n] can be estimated from the SEC-MW data using the following equation ... 

Viscosity values will be needed for any design calculations involving the transport of fluids or heat. Values for pure substances can usually be found in the literature see Yaws (1993-1994). Liquid viscosities are given in Appendix C. Methods for the estimation of viscosity are given below. 

One difficulty in Equation 6 lies in the determination of the diffusivity constant for highly concentrated acids over a broad range of temperature. However, available data (13), combined with viscosity values of hydrochloric acid, lead to estimates shown in Tables I and II for the field cases that will be described later on. 

Major differences in molecular weight can be expected to influence the radiation dose necessary to give rise to insoluble matter because of this, intrinsic viscosity values are given in Table I to indicate that the laboratory-prepared polymers were generally similar in this respect. 

Fig. 2 a Concentration dependences of reduced viscosity values at 20 and 50 °C for aqueous solutions of PAAm and b partially hydrophobized PAAm prepared accordingly to Scheme 3 (the data from [23])... 

Effect of viscosity considered within limited range of viscosity values... 

In subsequent studies to determine the most appropriate water level for hydrating cowpea meal produced from the 1.0 mm screen, sufficient water was added to the meal to adjust the moisture content to 56, 58, or 60% (H). Preliminary studies had shown that a 54% water level produced a batter that was too thick for whipping, dispensing, and frying, and a 62% water level was too thin. Traditional paste made from soaked peas contains about 61% water and has a viscosity value after whipping of about 302 poise. By comparison, the viscosity of paste made from hydrated cowpea meal was 578 poise at the 56% water level, 441 poise at the 58% water level, and 333 poise at the 60% level. The 60% water level produced paste with flow properties and a cooked product with physical characteristics more like the traditional product than the other water levels. 

Functional property tests were conducted in duplicate. AACC (21) methods were used for the determination of water hydration capacity (Method 88-04) and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) (Method 46-23). Oil absorption capacity was measured by the procedures of Lin et al. (22) and oil emulsification by a modification (22) of the Inklaar and Fortuin (23) method. Pasting characteristics of 12.0% (w/v, db) slurries of the flours and processed products were determined on a Brabender Visco/Amylograph (Method 22-10). The slurries were heated from 30 to 95°C before cooling to 50°C to obtain the cold paste viscosity value. Gelation experiments were conducted by heating 15% (w/v db) slurries in sealed stainless steel containers to 90°C for 45 min in a water bath C3). 

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