Open pools

Flash point of a flammable liquid The lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapors to form a flammable mixture with air (or pure oxygen, a special case) at or near the surface of the liquid or within its confined container. Some hazardous liquids have flash points at or below ordinary room temperatures and normally are covered by a layer of flammable vapors that will ignite immediately if a source of ignition is brought in contact [32]. Flash points are measured by open cup and closed cup methods. The open cup data is applicable to liquid in open containers and in open pools and usually somewhat higher temperatures than the closed cup. Refer to... 

The microalgae are cultured in bioreactors under solar or artiflcial light in the presence of carbon dioxide and salts. The bioreactors may be closed systems made of polyethylene sleeves rather than open pools. Optimal conditions for pigment production are low to medium light intensity and medium temperatures (20 to 30°C). Pigment extraction is achieved by cell breakage, extraction into water or buffered solution, and centrifugation to separate out the filtrate. The filtrate may then be partly purified and sterilized by microfiltration and spray dried or lyophilized. 

Strictly, disinfection means removing the risk of infection, but in the context of swimming pools the water cannot be sterile all the time. A few living, but normally harmless microorganisms will always be present, especially in open pools. Disinfection aims to keep their number to an acceptable minimum and to ensure that any harmful organisms entering the pool water are rapidly inactivated and eliminated so that the water will not transmit infection to the bathers. 

API conducted open pool hydrocarbon fire exposure tests (mostly naphtha and gasoline fires), on process vessels during the 1940 s and 50 s. 

If you have young children and an open pool is inappropriate, consider a bubble-fountain or a wall-mounted basin, or cover your pond with a safety grating of rigid mesh until they are older. 

NEW BUSINESS Don reported an incident with the lifeguards on July 4. Apparently, a group of teens insisted on putting up a volleyball net in the open pool rather than in the volleyball pool. 

The inorganic material that probably poses the greatest risk to General Chemistry students is the liquid metal, mercury. One way to reduce the level of mercury vapor in the laboratory would be to have the instructor do some of the experiments as demonstrations. Any metallic mercury that must be kept in the laboratory should be stored in covered containers, so that there are no open pools, and mercury spills should be cleaned up immediately. 

Q CS9 What might be done with the open pools of oil Give two or three possibilities. 

CCD = charge-coupled device IHIs = interligand hypervalent interactions ILL = Institut Lane-Langevin INS = inelastic neutron scattering IPNS = intense pulsed neutron source LINAC = linear accelerator MaNDi=macro-molecular neutron diffractometer NiMH=nickel-metal OPAL = open pool Australian light-water reactor hydride SANS = small-angle neutron scattering SNS = spallation neutron source. 

Plunging application takes place where substrate enters an open pool, pond, puddle, or fountain. Flow around the dynamic wetting line is comparatively unconfined so that the free surface, which is the upstream one, is fairly free to deform into a local meniscus and ultimately to entrain air. Generally, the substrate exits elsewhere and so there is no compact coating bead. 

Flammable mixtures are formed above a flammable liquid pool only if the flash point is exceeded (Figure 20). However, at this temperature a flame does not persist because the flame propagation rate exceeds the rate at which the flammable mixture zone is formed. Sustained burning occurs above a liquid pool at a slightly higher temperature, the fire point. At this temperature, a range of vapor-air mixtures may be found above an open pool in air. In a quiescent atmosphere this range includes mixtures near the liquid surface with a vapor content above that found in a lower-limit mixture, and others with essentially no vapor some distance from the surface mixtures with intermediate concentrations are found in the space between these extremes. 

The turnover rates of glycine in different regions have also been calculated from the assumption that the [ J-amino acids disappear from one open pool at steady-state conditions (Freeman et al., 1983). The decrement in radioactivities at 60 and 90 min postinjection of the glucose pulse has been employed to calculate the half-life. 

Fire Type Open jet fire Confined jet fire Open pool fire Large or confined pool fire... 

A furnace test is often more convenient than an open pool fire test. Other possible test environments include pit fires and an open air burner system operating with liquefied petroleum gas [31]. Any such test is acceptable provided it meets the requirements of para. 728. Methods to verily the required heat input and methods to prove the thermal environment can be found in the literature [32-34]. 

The liquid water fraction that escapes from the break during the accident remains on the floor of the transducer compartment as an open shallow pool, from which radionuclides can potentially be released to the atmosphere. This situation of an open pool inside a building is common to several design basis accidents. 

Yuill, W. A., Bastor, V. F., Cordes, O. L. Release of radioiodine from open pools. Report TIDA500 (1970)... 

G. E. Open Pool Reactor Manual, Chapters 8, 17, 18 Auto Control System... 

A major modification of SSC-K has been made in order to analyze the thermal hydraulic behaviour within the pool. In KALIMER, both the hot and cold pools have free surfaces and there is direct mixing of the coolant with these open pools prior to entering the next component. Therefore, at least two different flows will have to be modeled to characterize the coolant dynamics of the primary system. The first flow fi om the pump to the hot pool through the core is determined by the pump head and losses in the flow passages. 

---