Hazard fire/explosion

Hydroprocesses Hydrogen is chemically stable and relatively unreactive at ordinary temperatures most processes utilizing it require a catalyst. Above 500°C it reacts readily with oxygen and confined flammable mixtures explode violently if ignited Main hazards fire, explosion, metallurgical problems arising from hydrogen attack... 

Main hazards fire, explosion, metallurgical problems arising from hydrogen attack... 

These small examples and their elaboration with respect to the main areas of hazard - fire, explosion and emission - show which properties of substances and processes have to be investigated ... 

Hence it is necessary for Polymer Foam Board to contain sufficient amount of retardant, together with additional countermeasures to Physical Hazards (fire, explosion) for flammable gas. 

Space for equipment Escalation of hazards, fire/ explosions Use of design and layout control to prevent escalation... 

Fire hazard Fire, explosion, bum, smoke inhalation Laboratories, stockrooms, shops, garages, farm buildings NFPA 101 (Life Safety Code), OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106, 109, 155-165, state fire codes... 

Here we shall restrict consideration to safety and health considerations that can be built in while the design is developing rather than the detailed hazard and operability studies that take place in the later stages of design. The three major hazards in process plants are fire, explosion, and toxic release. ... 

The second of the major hazards is explosion, which has a disaster potential usually considered to be greater than fire but lower than toxic release. Explosion is a sudden and violent release of energy. 

On release, vapours heavier than air tend to spread (i.e. to slump ) at low level and will aeeumulate in pits, sumps, depressions in ground, ete. This may promote a fire/explosion hazard, or a toxie hazard, or eause an oxygen-defieient atmosphere to form, depending on the ehemieal. 

Oxidation Feedstocks generally hydrocarbons Hazard of fire/explosion arises from contact of flammable material with oxygen Reactions highly exothermic equilibrium favours complete reaction... 

Flammability and related Fire/explosion hazard see Non-aqueous liquids... 

Safety issues include threats to the safety of workers or nearby communities during the implementation or operation of the corrective measures (i.e., fire, explosion and exposure to hazardous substances). 

Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F EI) A method (developed by Dow Chemieal Company) for ranking the relative fire and explosion risk assoeiated with a proeess. Analysts ealeulate various hazard and explosion indexes using material eharaeteristies and proeess data. 

Chlororocarbon (CFG) refrigerants are inherently safer with respect to fire, explosion, and acute toxic hazards when compared to alternative refrigerants such as ammonia, propane, and sulfur dioxide. However, they are believed to cause long term environmental damage because of stratospheric ozone depletion. 

In many cases, it is not readily apparent how the potential impacts from different hazards can be translated into some common scale or measure. For example, how do you compare long term environmental damage and health risks from use of CFG refrigerants to the immediate risk of fatality from the fire, explosion, and toxicity hazards associated with many alternative refrigerants This question does not have a right answer. It is not really a scientific question, but instead it is a question of values. Individuals, companies, and society must determine how to value different kinds of risks relative to each other, and base decisions on this evaluation. 

Workers involved in hazardous waste eleanup, handling hazardous materials or other hazardous substanees, faee a more serious safety and health risk than do most eonstruetion or manufaeturing operations. In addition to the typieal slips, trips, and falls found in other eonstruetion or manufaeturing operations, employees handling hazardous waste or ehemieals may eneounter a variety of other hazards ineluding fires, explosions, and health-related issues assoeiated with exposures to toxie substanees. 

Other speeifie ehemieal hazards that workers may eome into eontaet with are too numerous to mention. The effeets from these ehemieals vary widely. It is important to know if there are ehemieals being brought on site for any reason, along with the ehemieals already at the site and ehemieal wastes present on site. After you have obtained a eomprehensive ehemieal library, you should determine eompatibility and synergistie, additive, and other effeets of ehemieal mixing. This might inelude fire, explosion, or release. 

In addition, responses to releases of hazardous substances where there is no potential health or safety hazard (i.e., fire, explosion, or chemical exposure) are not considered to be emergency responses. Keep in mind that qualified personnel who are trained to clean up incidental... 

A PHA analyzes potential eauses and eonsequenees of fires, explosions, releases of toxie or flammable ehemieals, and major spills of hazardous ehemieals. The PHA foeuses on equipment, instrumentation, utilities, human aetions (routine and nonroutine), and external faetors that might affeet the proeess. 

To develop a safe design, it is necessary to first design and specify all equipment and systems in accordance with applicable codes and standards. Once the system is designed, a process safety shutdown system is specified to assure that potential hazards that can be detected by measuring process upsets are detected, and that appropriate safety actions (normally an automatic shutdown) are initiated. A hazards analysis is then normally undertaken to identify and mitigate potential hazards that could lead to fire, explosion, pollution, or injury to personnel and that cannot be detected as process upsets. Finally, a system of safety management is implemented to assure the system is operated and maintained in a safe manner by personnel who have received adequate training. 

While RP14C provides guidance on the need for process safety devices, it is desirable to perform a complete hazards analysis of tlie facility to identify hazards that are not necessarily detected or contained by process sLifety devices and that could lead to loss of containment of hydrocarbons or otherwise lead to fire, explosion, pollution, or injury to personnel. The industry consensus standard, American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 14J, Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Facilities (RP14J), provides guidance as to the use of various hazards analysis techniques. 

The Chemical Process Industry (CPI) uses various quantitative and qualitative techniques to assess the reliability and risk of process equipment, process systems, and chemical manufacturing operations. These techniques identify the interactions of equipment, systems, and persons that have potentially undesirable consequences. In the case of reliability analyses, the undesirable consequences (e.g., plant shutdown, excessive downtime, or production of off-specification product) are those incidents which reduce system profitability through loss of production and increased maintenance costs. In the case of risk analyses, the primary concerns are human injuries, environmental impacts, and system damage caused by occurrence of fires, explosions, toxic material releases, and related hazards. Quantification of risk in terms of the severity of the consequences and the likelihood of occurrence provides the manager of the system with an important decisionmaking tool. By using the results of a quantitative risk analysis, we are better able to answer such questions as, Which of several candidate systems poses the least risk Are risk reduction modifications necessary and What modifications would be most effective in reducing risk ... 

Under RCRA. each facility must contain a contingency plan designed to minimize hazards to human hetiltli or tlie enviromiient from fires, explosions, or tuiy unplanned sudden or nonsudden release of hazardous w aste or hazardous waste constituent to air. soil, or surface water. The items tliat follow are applicable to each contingency plan. 

Physieal hazards, ineluding potential for fire, explosion, and reaelivity... 

Accidents such as fires, explosions, toxic emissions, and hazardous spills, are dealt with in Uie next cliapter. Tlie decision to include Uiese in a separate chapter was not as easy as one would expect since the topics of both chapters could be classified as accidents. However, in order to treat the accidents in a cause and effect marmer, it was felt Uiat fires, explosions, etc., could well be considered an effect arising from Uie generic accidents discussed in Uiis cliapter. 

This section focuses on industrial accidents tliat are not plant related and revievs ing accidents tliat occur during tlie transport and storage of hazardous substances. Frequently, such accidents result in fires, explosions, and toxic releases. This topic will be discussed in tlie next cliapter. 

Fires, Explosions, Toxic Emissions, and Hazardous Spills... 

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