General recommendations

In concluding its work, the Committee made the following general 

To improve further the quality of pesticides used in public health, WHO should ensure the wide distribution of WHO specifications and should strengthen and expand pesticide quality control programmes. For reasons of human and environmental safety, efficacy and economy, pesticide products of good quality are essential. 

Where pesticides must be used in public health, WHO, in collaboration with industry and other relevant institutions, should further promote safety and judicious use. 

To ensure harmonization of procedures used in the development of specifications for agricultural and public health pesticides, collaborative efforts between WHO and FAO should be further strengthened and formalized. Such harmonized procedures will improve the quality of the specifications enhance their acceptability by governments, industry and traders provide transparency to the process and the decisions and make the development of such specifications more efficient and cost-effective to industry and to FAO and WHO. 

WHO should facilitate and promote the search for alternative pesticides and control measures that pose minimal risk to human health and the environment, and are cost-effective. In this context, further strengthening of collaboration with relevant research institutions and industry should be sought. 

Best estimate codes in combination with conservative input data are preferably to be used for analyses, in particular for use in the safety analysis report. Special attention should be paid to the assessment of uncertainties. The current status of the uncertainty assessment methodology is described in Ref. [13]. 

RBMK reactors have large cores, where local effects play a significant role in safety analyses of the several initiating events. For this reason, it is appropriate to use a 3-D neutronics code with a built-in multichannel thermohydraulic model. In addition, a 3-D neutronics code should be employed for compiling input data for point neutron kinetics (commonly involved in thermohydraulic codes) when events such as LOCAs are analysed. 

Considering the fact that the MCC is divided into two symmetric loops, a pipe break in one of these directly affects the thermohydraulic and neutronic behaviour on one side of the core. The resulting asymmetry in reactivity and power has to be assessed by a 3-D code. OptionaUy, the information obtained can be compiled as input for use by a point kinetic model, which, however, usually requires some iterations. 

User effects constitute a significant aspect of the analysis [14]. Ways to reduce these effects are discussed in Ref. [16]. 

Accident analysis of any of the events should justify the proper selection of conservative initial and boundary conditions, single failure, actions of the operator and plant control systems and other relevant assumptions. 

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The Subsea Production Template is generally recommended for use with six or more wells. It is commonly used when an operator has a firm idea of the number of wells that... 

Bronze disease necessitates immediate action to halt the process and remove the cause. For a long time, stabilization was sought by removal of the cuprous chloride by immersing the object in a solution of sodium sesquicarbonate. This process was, however, extremely time-consuming, frequentiy unsuccesshil, and often the cause of unpleasant discolorations of the patina. Objects affected by bronze disease are mostiy treated by immersion in, or surface appHcation of, 1 H-henzotriazole [95-14-7] C H N, a corrosion inhibitor for copper. A localized treatment is the excavation of cuprous chloride from the affected area until bare metal is obtained, followed by appHcation of moist, freshly precipitated silver oxide which serves to stabilize the chloride by formation of silver chloride. Subsequent storage in very dry conditions is generally recommended to prevent recurrence. 

Temperature and Humidity. Temperature is probably the easiest environmental factor to control. The main concern is that the temperature remains constant to prevent the thermal expansions and contractions that are particularly dangerous to composite objects. Another factor regarding temperature is the inverse relation to relative humidity under conditions of constant absolute humidity, such as exist in closed areas. High extremes in temperature are especially undesirable, as they increase reaction rates. Areas in which objects are exhibited and stored must be accessible thus a reasonable temperature setting is generally recommended to be about 21°C. 

Both wetted-sensor and clamp-on Doppler meters ate available for Hquid service. A straight mn of piping upstream of the meter and a Reynolds number of greater than 10,000 ate generally recommended to ensure a weU-developed flow profile. Doppler meters ate primarily used where stringent accuracy and repeatabiHty ate not requited. Slurry service is an important appHcation area. 

General recommendations for instmmentation include monitoring gas concentration, temperature, time, and the moisture content of the chamber. Hospital sterilizers are not usually equipped with instmmentation providing direct display of gas concentration and moisture content. These rely instead on a specific sequence of steps performed automatically and the recording of pressure which when 100% ethylene oxide is used is a perfect measure for the concentration of this gas. 

Continuous pilot-plant test runs are generally recommended to verify the laboratory results and to estabhsh criteria for plant design. Facihties for these runs are available at a number of minerals-processing research centers. 

Gravity Wheel Conveyors These can be used as pusher units set horizontally or inclined for gravity flow. They are highly standardized and are usually sold in 1.5- or 3-m (5- or 10-ft) sections special lengths are available at extra charge. Since wheel conveyors give what is essentially point suppoi t to containers, it is generally recommended that at least six wheels be located under the load at all times. 

Based upon the above-mentioned species interactions, pilot-scale testing is generally recommended to accurately size a biofilter bed for a multicomponent waste gas stream. 

BS 5345. General Recommendations—Code of Practice for Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Electrical Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres. BSI, U.K. 

Specifications for intrinsically safe electrical system i General recommendations on the selection of the appropriate group of electrical apparatus based on safe gaps and minimum igniting currents 3682/1991 BS 5501-7/1977 BS 5501-9/1982 BS 5345-1/1989 ... 

Cropley made general recommendations to develop kinetic models for compUcated rate expressions. His approach includes first formulating a hyperbolic non-linear model in dimensionless form by linear statistical methods. This way, essential terms are identified and others are rejected, to reduce the number of unknown parameters. Only toward the end when model is reduced to the essential parts is non-linear estimation of parameters involved. His ten steps are summarized below. Their basis is a set of rate data measured in a recycle reactor using a sixteen experiment fractional factorial experimental design at two levels in five variables, with additional three repeated centerpoints. To these are added two outlier... 

Since acetal resins are degraded by ultra violet light, additives may be included to improve the resistance of the polymer. Carbon black is effective but as in the case of polyethylene it must be well dispersed in the polymer. The finer the particle size the better the ultra violet stability of the polymer but the poorer the heat stability. About 1.5% is generally recommended. For white compounds and those with pastel colours titanium dioxide is as good in polyacetals as most transparent ultraviolet absorbers, such as the benzophenone derivatives and other materials discussed in Chapter 7. Such ultraviolet absorbers may be used for compounds that are neither black, white nor pastel shade in colour. 

Urea-formaldehyde moulding powders may be transfer moulded. Pressures of 4-10 ton/in (60-150 MPa), calculated on the area of the transfer pot, are generally recommended. 

General recommendations for spacing General Recommendations for Spacing in Refineries, Petrochemical Plants, Casoline Plants, Terminals, Oil Pump Stations and Offshore Properties (Oil Insurance Association, No. 361)... 

Withdrawn) 1989 AMD 3 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of electncal apparatus for use m potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosives processing and manufacture). Part 1 General recommendations (AMD 7871) dated 15 September 1993. Withdrawn, superseded by BS EN 60079-14 1997 (Withdrawn) 1978 AMD 1 Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of electncal apparatus for use m potentially explosive atmospheres (other than mining applications or explosives processing and manufacture). Part 6 Recommendations for type of protection. Increased safety (AMD 5557) dated 30 November 1989. Withdrawn, superseded by BS EN 60079... 

To give the designer some advice, many recommendations exist in literature. Some general recommendations can be found in prEN 13779 for designing the air distribution system for low energy consumption. These include giving a certain target level for power consumption [the so-called SEP class. SEP means specific fan power, the ratio between the input power of fan mo tors and the total airflow, in W/(m s" )]. 

For the size exclusion chromatography of proteins on silica-hased diol packings, it is generally recommended to use fully aqueous mobile phases with a salt concentration between 0.1 and 0.3 M. In general, a phosphate buffer around pH 7 is used as the mobile phase. Under these circumstances, the tertiary structure of most proteins is preserved without difficulty and the interaction of proteins with each other is minimized. However, other inorganic buffers or combinations of buffers with organic solvents can be used without difficulties for special applications. 

Part 2, Model Chemistries, provides an in-depth examination of the accuracy, scope of applicability and other characteristics and trade-offs of all of the major well-defined electronic structure models. It also gives some general recommendations for selecting the best model for investigating a particular problem. 

Because of the many possible reactions of aldols, it is generally recommended to use a freshly distilled product for further synthetic steps. 

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