Constitutive Effects

Molecular spectroscopic techniques have been widely used in pharmaceutical analysis for both qualitative (identification of chemical species) and quantitative purposes (determination of concentration of species in pharmaceutical preparations). In many cases, they constitute effective alternatives to chromatographic techniques as they provide results of comparable quality in a more simple and expeditious manner. The differential sensitivity and selectivity of spectroscopic techniques have so far dictated their specihc uses. While UV-vis spectroscopy has typically been used for quantitative analysis by virtue of its high sensitivity, infrared (IR) spectrometry has been employed mainly for the identihcation of chemical compounds on account of its high selectivity. The development and consolidation of spectroscopic techniques have been strongly influenced by additional factors such as the ease of sample preparation and the reproducibility of measurements, which have often dictated their use in quality control analyses of both raw materials and finished products. 

This book does not attempt to synthesize these diverse views of effectiveness. I believe that managers can only become effective by working out for themselves what constitutes effectiveness in their particular Job. 

Many acidic metal oxides such as 0s04, M0O3, WO3, V2O5 and Cr03 constitute effective catalysts for this reaction. Although many of these oxides, e.g. M0O3, are insoluble in tert-butanol the addition of H2O2 results in the... 

Synthesis of unusual amino acids, peptidomimetics, synthetic enzymes, and new drugs containing (5-lactam rings as an integral part of their structure, has currently renewed interest worldwide in this four-membered heterocycle [52-54]. Furthermore, the appropriately substituted and configured(5-lactam frameworks now constitute effective tools for the incorporation of a wide variety of both (5- and a-amino acids in short peptide segments of various biologically active molecules. 

Constitutional Effects, Salt Effects, and Solvent Effects in... 

Solvent effects and constitutional effects of the substrate, in electrophilic substitution at saturated carbon... 

Sometimes the discrepancies between numerical values calculated by means of the additivity principle and experimental values form an extremely important key to the disclosure of constitutional effects. 

A HE SEARCH FOR PLASTIC, solvent-free electrolytes for use in solid-state batteries is being actively pursued in several laboratories (1-4). A number of reports have stressed the need for facile motion of the macromolecular chain in order to promote the ion conduction process in the polymer matrix, because this process occurs primarily via a free-volume mechanism (1-4). Comblike polymers with oligooxyethylene side chains constitute effective media for ion conduction of solubilized alkali salts (5-8). The low glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(dimethylsiloxane) suggests that polysi-loxane could serve as a suitable backbone for such a comb polymer, and recent studies (9-J2) indicate this to be the case indeed. 

Panchenkov s viscosity formula, 89 paper chromatography, 182 Papin s digester, 276 parabola, 421 paraboloid, 429, 430 parachor, 144, 159 atomic, 144 bibliography on, 148 and bond-type, 147 constitutional effect on, 144 and coordinate link, 144 and dipole moment, 146 and entropy, 147 and latent heat of evaporation, 323 and latent heat of fusion, 146 and magnetic susceptibility, 147 for mixtures, 145 negative, 147 and refractivity, 146-7 in solution, 145 and space-filling fraction, 146 and space-filling, 146 ... 

In 1855, Dr Thomas Addison, assisted in his observations by three colleagues, published his famous monograph On the constitutional effects of disease on the suprarenal capsules (Addison s disease). It was not until the late 1920s that the vital importance of the adrenal cortex was appreciated and the distinction between the hormones secreted by the cortex and medulla. 

The metric overall lubrication effectiveness (OLE) (Fig. 7), employs a similar structure as the OEE, but focuses on variables that constitute effective machinery... 

The influence of the conjugation is one more constitutive effect it will be discussed separately (Section II,F). 

Zisman, W. A., "Constitutional Effects in Adhesion and Abhesion," in "Symposium on Adhesion and Cohesion," P. Weiss, ed., Elsevier, New York, 1962. 

---