Objects composite

A collaboration abstracts object compositions. An object that is treated as a single entity at one level of abstraction may actually be composed of many entities. In doing the refinement, all participants need to know which constituent of their interlocutor they must deal with. For example, in the abstract you might say, I got some cash from the bank, but actually you got it from one of the bank s cash machines. Or in more detail, you inserted your card into the card reader of the cash machine. 

Application of these reconstruction methods can be described as the interpolation of object composition between sample points by means of an exponential function, characterised by the correlation constant. 

In this paper we have drawn on analyses carried out as part of the Maya Jade and Ceramics Project, a collaborative program of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Brookhaven National Laboratory during 1977-1983. Work at Brookhaven was conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Exploration into the interface between archaeological objectives, compositional variation and statistical modeling is an endeavor of the Smithsonian Archaeometric Research Collections and Records (SARCAR) facility located at the Smithsonian s Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Neffs participation in this research is made possible by a Smithsonian Institution Materials Analysis Postdoctoral Fellowship. 

There are two different types of fractals in solid state chemistry (a) mass fractals, sets of solid particles that form aggregates and have as measure their mass that scales as I with 0 < D 3 and (b) surface fractals that consist of interfaces between solids and the vacuum and that have as measure the surface, which also scales as IP with 0 < D < 3. The fractal dimension of an object, composite, or aggregate affects the values of the heat capacity, heat conductivity, electric conductivity, mechanical resistance against deformation, specific mass, and light scattering. 

OPERATION-SET-COMPONENT (a node in the precedence graph) is a member of one of these three subtypes. Members of the SINGLE-ASSEMBLE-OPERATION are atomic objects (nodes that are not recursively defined). Members of RECURSIVE-ASSEMBLE-OPERATION are composite objects (composite nodes in the graph), further defined in terms of their constituents. The type NIL, has exactly one member, nil. Every atomic and composite object ASSEMBLE-OPERATION object points to its next operation(s), through the Next-Operations mapping (attribute). 

For liquid-liquid systems, the separations are isothermal and the objective function is one-dimensional, consisting of Equation (7-17). However, the composition dependence of the... 

Equations (7-8) and (7-9) are then used to calculate the compositions, which are normalized and used in the thermodynamic subroutines to find new equilibrium ratios,. These values are then used in the next Newton-Raphson iteration. The iterative process continues until the magnitude of the objective function 1g is less than a convergence criterion, e. If initial estimates of x, y, and a are not provided externally (for instance from previous calculations of the same separation under slightly different conditions), they are taken to be... 

Liquid-liquid equilibrium separation calculations are superficially similar to isothermal vapor-liquid flash calculations. They also use the objective function. Equation (7-13), in a step-limited Newton-Raphson iteration for a, which is here E/F. However, because of the very strong dependence of equilibrium ratios on phase compositions, a computation as described for isothermal flash processes can converge very slowly, especially near the plait point. (Sometimes 50 or more iterations are required. )... 

FIND EQUILIBRIUM OBJECTIVE FUNCTION F AND UNNORMALIZEO COMPOSITIONS... 

More than 7.5 MW could be added from a hot utility to the first interval, but the objective is to find the minimum hot and cold utility. Thus from Fig. 6.186, QHmin = 7.5MW and Qcmm = 10MW. This corresponds with the values obtained from the composite curves in Fig. 6.5a. One further important piece of information can be deduced from the cascade in Fig. 6.186. The point where the heat flow goes to zero at T = 145°C corresponds to the pinch. Thus the actual hot and cold stream pinch temperatures are 150 and 140°C. Again, this agrees with the result from the composite curves in Fig. 6.5a. 

A common objective of a data gathering programme is the acquisition of fluid samples. The detailed composition of oil, gas and water is to some degree reguired by almost every discipline involved in field development and production. 

The systems of such type have been developed of all last 10 years. We shall bring some characteristics of one of the last development within the framework of European BRITE project, carried out in LETT This 3D cone-beam tomograph is referred to as EVA Bench or Equipment for Voludensimetry Analysis. It is oriented on NDT of industrial products from ceramics and other composites. One of the main task of this tomograph is achievement of high resolution at study of whole internal volume of researched object. For test sample of the size 10mm spatial resolution in 50mm was obtained [14]. 

Considering existing microscopical techniques, one can find that non-destmctive information from the internal stmcture of an object in natural conditions can be obtained by transmission X-ray microscopy. Combination of X-ray transmission technique with tomographical reconstmction allows getting three-dimensional information about the internal microstmcture [1-3]. In this case any internal area can be reconstmcted as a set of flat cross sections which can be used to analyze the two- and three-dimensional morphological parameters [4]. For X-ray methods the contrast in the images is a mixed combination of density and compositional information. In some cases the compositional information can be separated from the density information [5]. Recently there has been a... 

The results presented below were obtained using a 2 mm thick carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminate with 16 layers. The laminate was quasi isotropic with fiber orientations 0°, 90° and 45°. The laminate had an average porosity content of approximately 1.7%. The object was divided in a training area and an evaluation area. The model parameters were determined by data solely from the training area. Both ultrasound tranducers used in the experiment had a center frequency of 21 MHz and a 6 dB bandwidth of 70%. 

In this preliminary work we have investigated composite objects with a simple geometry. In future work the proposed approach will be applied to more complicated objects, in particular glued structures. Since we for such objects expect to have a less distinct back wall echo, we have reason to believe that the preprocessing method that was used in this work has to be somewhat modified. 

The object of this part of the project is to determine the energy ("enthalpy) levels in each the three con formers and so to determine the composition of the equilibrium conformational mixture. That having been done for the cis isomer, the procedure is repeated for the trans isomer. 

The most common IDPs are black objects having approximately solar elemental composition except for very volatile elements such as the noble... 

For addition of fertilizer to irrigation spray systems, complete water solubiHty, and hence use of the solution-type fertilizers, is essential. An additional requirement is that the fertilizer be of a composition that does not react with the normal mineral content ie, the hardness, of the irrigation water to form objectional scaling of equipment. 

There are several possible reasons why a scientific study of an art work may be desirable. An obvious one is in cases where the authenticity of an object is doubted on styHstic grounds, but no unanimous opinion exists. The scientist can identify the materials, analy2e the chemical composition, and then investigate whether these correspond to what has been found in comparable objects of unquestioned provenance. If the sources for the materials can be characterized, eg, through trace element composition or stmcture, it may be possible to determine whether the sources involved in the procurement of the materials for comparable objects with known provenance are the same. Comparative examination of the technological processes involved in the manufacture allows for conclusions as to whether the object was made using techniques actually available to the people who supposedly created it. Additionally, dating techniques may lead to the estabUshment of the date of manufacture. 

Chemical analysis of the metal can serve various purposes. For the determination of the metal-alloy composition, a variety of techniques has been used. In the past, wet-chemical analysis was often employed, but the significant size of the sample needed was a primary drawback. Nondestmctive, energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry is often used when no high precision is needed. However, this technique only allows a surface analysis, and significant surface phenomena such as preferential enrichments and depletions, which often occur in objects having a burial history, can cause serious errors. For more precise quantitative analyses samples have to be removed from below the surface to be analyzed by means of atomic absorption (82), spectrographic techniques (78,83), etc. 

Deterioration. Paintings are composite objects that have high vulnerabiUty. The various materials are adhered to each other, especially in a laminated stmcture, to form a source of potential trouble. Any dimensional change in one of the components or between the components as a consequence of changes in environmental conditions results in a strain on the adhesion of the various parts. Strains can lead to failure of the adhesion. This is one of the principal causes of losses in panel paintings, where the dimensional changes in the wooden support cause losses in adhesion between the paint layer and the support. 

Temperature and Humidity. Temperature is probably the easiest environmental factor to control. The main concern is that the temperature remains constant to prevent the thermal expansions and contractions that are particularly dangerous to composite objects. Another factor regarding temperature is the inverse relation to relative humidity under conditions of constant absolute humidity, such as exist in closed areas. High extremes in temperature are especially undesirable, as they increase reaction rates. Areas in which objects are exhibited and stored must be accessible thus a reasonable temperature setting is generally recommended to be about 21°C. 

Unlike most crystalline polymers, PVDF exhibits thermodynamic compatibiUty with other polymers (133). Blends of PVDF and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are compatible over a wide range of blend composition (134,135). SoHd-state nmr studies showed that isotactic PMMA is more miscible with PVDF than atactic and syndiotactic PMMA (136). MiscibiUty of PVDF and poly(alkyl acrylates) depends on a specific interaction between PVDF and oxygen within the acrylate and the effect of this interaction is diminished as the hydrocarbon content of the ester is increased (137). Strong dipolar interactions are important to achieve miscibility with poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (138). PVDF blends are the object of many papers and patents specific blends of PVDF and acryflc copolymers have seen large commercial use. 

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