Gas condensates

As shown in Table 2.4, atomic absorption is extremely sensitive. It is particularly suited to the analyses of arsenic and lead in gasolines, for sodium in fuel oils (where it is the only reliable method) and for mercury in gas condensates. 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a very common contaminant in hydrocarbon fluids, especially in gases and gas condensate, and is a source of corrosion problems. CO2 in the gas phase dissolves in any water present to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is highly corrosive. Its reaction with iron creates iron carbonate (FeCOg) ... 

The four vertical lines on the diagram show the isothermal depletion loci for the main types of hydrocarbon gas (incorporating dry gas and wet gas), gas condensate, volatile oil and black oil. The starting point, or initial conditions of temperature and pressure, relative to the two-phase envelope are different for each fluid type. 

The initial temperature of a gas condensate lies between the critical temperature and the cricondotherm. The fluid therefore exists at initial conditions in the reservoir as a gas, but on pressure depletion the dew point line is reached, at which point liquids condense in the reservoir. As can be seen from Figure 5.22, the volume percentage of liquids is low, typically insufficient for the saturation of the liquid in the pore space to reach the critical saturation beyond which the liquid phase becomes mobile. These... 

The diagram (Fig. 5.21) shows that as the pressure is reduced below the dew point, the volume of liquid in the two phase mixture initially increases. This contradicts the common observation of the fraction of liquids in a volatile mixture reducing as the pressure is dropped (vaporisation), and explains why the fluids are sometimes referred to as retrograde gas condensates. 

Carbon Composites. In this class of materials, carbon or graphite fibers are embedded in a carbon or graphite matrix. The matrix can be formed by two methods chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and coking. In the case of chemical vapor deposition (see Film deposition techniques) a hydrocarbon gas is introduced into a reaction chamber in which carbon formed from the decomposition of the gas condenses on the surface of carbon fibers. An alternative method is to mold a carbon fiber—resin mixture into shape and coke the resin precursor at high temperatures and then foUow with CVD. In both methods the process has to be repeated until a desired density is obtained. 

Drilling Muds in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry. Since 1941, chromium chemicals have been used in the drilling of wells to combat fatigue corrosion cracking of drill strings, with about one metric ton of sodium chromate being used aimuaHy for an average West Texas well. Other early uses were in gas-condensate wells in Louisiana and East Texas. 

DETERMINATION OF COMPLETE COMPOSITION OF NON-STABLE GAS CONDENSATE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY... 

DIRECT ANALYSIS OF UNSTABLE GAS CONDENSATE USING HIGH-PRESSURE SUPPLY OF THE SAMPLES INTO A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH... 

Unstable gas condensate (UGC) is a large-tonnage raw material for producing of liquefied gases, motor fuels and other products. It is characterized with very complicated composition being under pressure up to 10 MPa. That is why analysis of UGC samples is rather complicated task. 

The wastewater stream of the plant is composed of the off-gas condensate, aqueous layer of the decanter, bottom product of the distillation column and the... 

In order to reduce fresh-water consumption in the scrubber, the usage of distillation bottoms and the off-gas condensate should be maximized since diey have the least ammonia content. The flowrate resulting from combining these two sources (5.8 kg/s) is sufflcient to run the scrubber. However, its ammonia composition as determined by the lever-arm principle is 12 ppm, which lies outside the zone of permissible recycle to the scrubber. As shown by Fig. 4.7, the maximum flowrate of the off-gas condensate to be recycled to the scrubber is determined to be 4.1 kg/s and the flowrate of fresh water is 0.9 kg/s (5.8 — 0.8 — 4.1). Therefore, direct recycle can reduce the fresh-water consumption (and consequently the... 

Next, we include interception into the analysis. In curder to eliminate fresh water from the scrubber, the composition of ammonia in the off-gas condensate must be reduced from 14 ppm to 12 ppm. This result may be obtained graphically as shown in Fig. 4.8. Alternatively, it may be calculated as follows ... 

In order to synthesize an optimal MEN for intercepting the off-gas condensate, we constnict the pinch diagram as shown in Fig. 4.9. Since the three MSA s lie completely to the left of the rich stream, they are all thermodynamically feasible. Hence, we choose the one with the least cost ( /kg NH3 removed) namely the resin. The annual operating cost for removing ammonia using the resin is ... 

The gas, condensate, and free water are then discharged from the ncs scl through backpressure and liquid dump valves. The gas leaving the separator is saturated with water vapor at the temperature and pressure of the top of the low temperature separator. If this temperature is low enough, the gas may be sufficiently dehydrated to meet sales specifications. Dehydration is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 8. 

Gas condensate, on the other hand, may contain a relatively high percentage of intermediate components and can be easily separated from entrained water due to its lower viscosity and greater density difference with water. Thus, some sort of condensate stabilization should be considered for each gas well production facility. 

Natural Gas Condensate in 16 Pipeline o Natural Gas,Oil and Water in 2 Oil Well Tubing o Air and Water in 1 Ver tical Tubing e Air and Lube Oil in 2 Inclined Tubing ... 

Thermal conductivity increases with temperature. The insulating medium (the air or gas within the voids) becomes more excited as its temperature is raised, and this enhances convection within or between the voids, thus increasing heat flow. This increase in thermal conductivity is generally continuous for air-filled products and can be mathematically modeled (see Figure 11.3). Those insulants that employ inert gases as their insulating medium may show sharp changes in thermal conductivity, which may occur because of gas condensation. However, this tends to take place at sub-zero temperatures. 

A production method in gas condensate reservoirs whereby dry gas is injected into the reservoir to maintain the reservoir pressure and prevent condensation of hydrocarbons within the formation. 

Gases behave quite differently from solids. When a gas condenses to a liquid, heat is always evolved. By the same token, heat is usually evolved when a gas dissolves in a liquid ... 

Similar questions are raised if we consider the effect of cooling the gases produced from the candle. Cooling these gases results in condensation—drops of liquid water appear. If the water vapor contains molecules, made up of atoms, what happens to these molecules (and atoms) when the gas condenses Are they still present in the liquid ... 

Natural Gas Condensate In 16" Pipeline o Natural Gas.OM aryl Water in 2 Oil Well Tubing ... 

The temperature at which water vapor (steam) condenses. The dewpoint temperature is important in boiler fuel combustion processes, as whenever a metal surface is cooler than flue gas, condensation occurs. If sulfur gases are present and the acid dewpoint (the tem-... 

The aromatic fractions of natural gas condensate reacted with a-olefins to give alkylarenes which were converted to sodium sulfonates or to ethanolamine sulfonates. The naphthene-paraffin fractions of the gas condensate reacted with PC13 and 02 to give RPOCl2, which reacted with triethanolamine to give N-a-... 

Dehumidification of air can be effected by bringing it into contact with a cold surface, either liquid or solid. If the temperature of the surface is lower than the dew point of the gas, condensation takes place and the temperature of the gas falls. The temperature of the surface tends to rise because of the transfer of latent and sensible heat from the air. It would be expected that the air would cool at constant humidity until the dew point was reached, and that subsequent cooling would be accompanied by condensation. It is found, in practice, that this occurs only when the air is well mixed. Normally the temperature and humidity are reduced simultaneously throughout the whole of the process. The air in contact with the surface is cooled below its dew point, and condensation of vapour therefore occurs before the more distant air has time to cool. Where the gas stream is cooled by cold water, countercurrent flow should be employed because the temperature of the water and air are changing in opposite directions. 

It implies that relaxation times obey relation (3.47) even after gas condensation, although both 1/te and ydP become nonlinear in density. The contribution of the rotational broadening represented by the first component may be estimated to a rather high accuracy via the value of y found in (3.45). Subtrrcting it from the width observed, we obtain the dephasing contribution which is linear in T (see inset in Fig. 3.8). The... 

Intermolecular forces are responsible for the existence of several different phases of matter. A phase is a form of matter that is uniform throughout in both chemical composition and physical state. The phases of matter include the three common physical states, solid, liquid, and gas (or vapor), introduced in Section A. Many substances have more than one solid phase, with different arrangements of their atoms or molecules. For instance, carbon has several solid phases one is the hard, brilliantly transparent diamond we value and treasure and another is the soft, slippery, black graphite we use in common pencil lead. A condensed phase means simply a solid or liquid phase. The temperature at which a gas condenses to a liquid or a solid depends on the strength of the attractive forces between its molecules. 

Nitrogen dioxide, N02 (oxidation number -t-4), is a choking, poisonous, brown gas that contributes to the color and odor of smog. The molecule has an odd number of electrons, and in the gas phase it exists in equilibrium with its colorless dimer N204. Only the dimer exists in the solid, and so the brown gas condenses to a colorless solid. When it dissolves in water, NOz disproportionates into nitric acid (oxidation number +5) and nitrogen oxide (oxidation number +2) ... 

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