Maximum flowrate

The maximum flowrate recommended for the given collection method. Sampling may be done at lower rates as long as minimum sample size is met. 

In order to reduce fresh-water consumption in the scrubber, the usage of distillation bottoms and the off-gas condensate should be maximized since diey have the least ammonia content. The flowrate resulting from combining these two sources (5.8 kg/s) is sufflcient to run the scrubber. However, its ammonia composition as determined by the lever-arm principle is 12 ppm, which lies outside the zone of permissible recycle to the scrubber. As shown by Fig. 4.7, the maximum flowrate of the off-gas condensate to be recycled to the scrubber is determined to be 4.1 kg/s and the flowrate of fresh water is 0.9 kg/s (5.8 — 0.8 — 4.1). Therefore, direct recycle can reduce the fresh-water consumption (and consequently the... 

It may be noted that equations 4.29, 4.30 and 4.31 give a linear relation between Gmax and Pi. Comparison with equation 4.15 shows that the maximum flowrate Gmax is (0.685/0.607) = 1.13 times greater than for isothermal flow for a diatomic gas. 

As an example, the flow of air at 293 K in a pipe of 25 mm diameter and length 14 m is considered, using the value of 0.0015 for R/pu2 employed in the calculation of the figures in Table 4.1 R/pu2 will, of course, show some variation with Reynolds number, but this effect will be neglected in the following calculation. The variation in flowrate G is examined, for a given upstream pressure of 10 MN/m2, as a function of downstream pressure P2. As the critical value of P /P2 for this case is 3.16 (see Table 4.1), the maximum flowrate will occur at all values of P2 less than 10/3.16 = 3.16 MN/m2. For values of P2 greater than 3.16 MN/m2, equation 4.57 applies ... 

For the flow of a compressible fluid, conditions of sonic velocity may be reached, thus limiting the maximum flowrate for a given upstream pressure. This situation can also occur with two-phase flow, and such critical velocities may sometimes be reached with a drop in pressure of only 30 per cent of the inlet pressure. 

Water flows at between 3000 and 4000 cm3/s through a 50 mm pipe and is metered by means of an orifice. Suggest a suitable size of orifice if the pressure difference is to be measured with a simple water manometer. What is the approximate pressure difference recorded at the maximum flowrate ... 

Most optimization problems involve constraints. For example, it might be necessary for a maximum temperature or maximum flowrate not to be exceeded. Thus, the general form of an optimization problem involves three basic elements ... 

On the assumption that the cake is incompressible and that 5 mm of cake is left behind on the drum, determine the theoretical maximum flowrate of filtrate obtainable. What drum speed will give a filtration rate of 80 per cent of the maximum ... 

The pump selected for the transport of red nitric acid from the absorption column to the product bleaching column is a single-stage single-suction centrifugal-type pump. An AJAX E32-20 pump is recommended for this application. The application requires the pump to satisfy a maximum flowrate of 9.5 m3/h with a maximum differential head of 450 kPa. 

Accept the higher value and design for a maximum flowrate at 20% above the normal (average) flow, therefore ... 

The final parameter explored in this section is the size of the reactor. A diameter of 2 m has been used in the previous cases. The aspect ratio is 2, so the vessel length is 4 m. Making the reactor smaller increases the area-to-volume ratio and should improve controllability. Figure 4.8 gives results for three different reactor sizes (Dr = 1, 0.5, and 0.25 m) when only jacket cooling is used. The smaller reactors do not mn away, but their responses are quite oscillatory. These results used the same maximum flowrates of the hot and cold streams that are used in the 2-m reactor case. If these maximum flowrates are scaled on the basis of reactor volume, the results in Figure 4.9 are obtained. The reactor size must be reduced to 0.25 m diameter to prevent a runaway reaction. 

Two temperature controllers are used. The first manipulates the flowrate of the A feed. A 45 min ramp in this reactor temperature controller is used with Kci = 0.5 and Tj2 = 20 min. Two 30-s lags are included in the loop. The span of the temperature transmitter is 50 K, and the maximum flowrate FA0 of the reactant A is 0.004 m3/s. The second temperature controller setting the flowrates of the hot and cold streams to the jacket is proportional-only with a 330 K setpoint and a gain of 0.05. The maximum cold water and hot water flowrates are 0.005 and 0.002 m3/s, respectively. 

Both of the reactions are exothermic (Ai = — 1 x 105 kJ/kmol and A2 = —1.5 x 105 kJ/kmol). Heat is transferred to the jacket surrounding the vessel. If an aspect ratio of 1 is assumed, the diameter of the vessel is 2.12 m and the total jacket area is 14.14 m2. Cooling water at 10°C is fed to the jacket at a maximum flowrate of 0.2 m3/min. A temperature controller attempts to control the reactor temperature TR at 40°C by manipulating cooling water flowrate ( w. A circulating cooling water system is assumed, so the water in... 

In Figure 3, the response is shown when K = Z, the maximum flowrate is 600 gal/min, and the emptying rate varies from 300 to 100 gal/min. As can be seen by the response, the controller adjusts the feedrate (into tank Tz) to track the changes in the emptying rate (out of tank T ) and still achieve the target fill time. ... 

For a given liquid flowrate, there is a maximum flowrate of gas which can be forced through the column. If you exceed this maximum the shear forces on the liquid are so high that they exceed the weight of the liquid. Then the net force on the liquid is upward and you blow the liquid back out the top of the column. This is called ... 

THIS PROGRAM CALCULATES THE CONTROL VALVE CAPACITY COEFFICIENT OR THE MAXIMUM FLOWRATE FOR FULLY OPEN CONTROL VALVE AND LIQUID FLOW CONDITIONS. 

CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM FLOWRATE FROM THE MANUFACTURER S ORIFICE AREA... 

---